Terrorism - Using Social Security to Fight Bush’s War :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Using Social Security to Fight Bushs War   I have a rational care a fear that the September 11th attack has given the Bush administration a free hand in pursuing a button-down domestic agenda. This has so far been unspeakable in the media. But it must be said, lest it happen for sure.   Where is the $40 billion for the war on terror climax from? Not from a rise in taxes and not from sacrifices to be made by the rich. Where then? The only available source I can hold of is the Social Security lockbox, which is now wide open. The conservatives have been trying to raid the Social Security fund for some time, and the Democrats had fought them off until now. Before September 11, the trace to take $40 billion from the Social Security surplus would have been indefensible. Has it now been done-with every Democratic senator voting for it and all but one of the Democrats in Congress?   Think of it Are your retirement contributions-and mine-are going to fight Bushs war. No one d ares to talk about it that way. Its just $40 billion, as if it came out of nowhere. No one says that $40 billion dollars comes from your retirement contributions. No one talks about increasing taxes. We should at least ask just where the money is flood tide from.   If the money is coming from tender security, then Bush has achieved a major goal of his partisan conservative agenda-without fanfare, without notice, and with the support of virtually all Democrats.   Calling for war, kinda of mere justice, has given the conservatives free rein. I fear it will only be a matter of time before they claim that we need to exercising for oil in the Alaskan Wildlife Refuge for national security reasons. If that most pristine place falls, they will use the national security excuse to employment and mine coal all over the country. The energy program will be pushed through as a matter of national security. All social programs will be dismissed for lack of funds, which will be diverted to national security.   Cheney has said that this war may never be completed. Newt Gingrich estimates at least four or five years, certainly past the 2004 election. With no definition of victory and no exit strategy, we may be entering a state of perpetual war.

Blasphemies and Discrimination in The Chrysalids :: The Chrysalids

John Wyrndham the author of The Chrysalids is an extraordinary writer who has created this book in the state of two totally antithetical worlds. Wyrndham has based this book on the different views toward blasphemies and how the characters all have a different approach on the subject. The three greatest ranges in different reactions to Blasphemes would come from the characters Joseph Strorm, Aunt Harriet, and Sophie Wender. Joseph Strorm is the character in the unfermented that has the greatest disliking toward Blasphemies. Joseph is the father of David Strorm. He is a strong believer in God and his life is based around his religion The Norm is the Image of God. (p.27) In the book the reader gets the idea that Joseph is not a very good father and is very strict Ill deal with this. The boys is lying. Go to your room. (p.51) He is a venomous and inhumane person to anyone who has or is involved with a deviation. The reader would see this attitude when Aunt Harriet visits the Strorms a nd brings her deviant child with her Send her away. Tell her to leave the erect - and take that with her. (p.71) Joseph did not show any sympathy at all toward his own sister in law. Aunt Harriet is the sister of Davids mother Mrs. Strorm. She enters the story one-half way through the book, where she goes to Mrs. Strorm seeking help. Yet the help she is looking for is not something Mrs. Strorm agrees with Nothing much You have the effrontery to bring your monster into my house, and tell me its naught much (p.70) Aunt Harriet is very loving, strong, and she fights for what she thinks is the right thing I shall pray God to send into this hideous world, and sympathy for the weak, and love for the unhappy and unfortunate. (p.73) Aunt Harriet is withal the proof of what happens to people who have a deviation or are trying to protect someone with a deviation Aunt Harriets body has been entrap in a river, no one mentioned a baby. (p.74) She is a very will hearted woman who is one of th e very few people in this time that has the will to speak her mind. Sophie Wender is also another female fighter in this book. David and Sophie are close childhood friends when she is separated from the community because she has a ordinal toe.

Free Essays on Invisible Man: Invisibility :: Invisible Man Essays

Invisibility in Invisible Man   Invisibility is usually taken to the extreme effect of truly being transparent, spiritual world by anyone and is often depicted in society as the hero, going behind the enemys back to complete his mission. In Ralph Ellisons The Invisible Man this view of invisibleness is turned around so that a man is in plain sight of everyone just now do to a lack of observation nobody recognizes what he accomplishes. After beginning the novel as a man who stays quietly out of the way by doing what he is told, he is forced to will and mold his power into another use. This change puts him now into a position into which he most relates to societies concept of invisibility, one who fights for fairer rights with still no one fetching notice of him. Our nameless hero takes us on a journey that extends both concepts of an invisible pacifist and aggressor.           The first form of our main character that we collar is an anxious c ollege student who only wishes to please his superiors and do as they ask. Seemingly the perfect student, an incident occurs with a College Board member and involves the passive use of our narrators invisibility which infuriates the schools principal. The disagreement that followed included this statement Power doesnt have to show off. Power is confident, self-assuring, self-starting and self-stopping, self-warming and self-justifying. When you have it you know it which is stated by the schools Principal Dr. Bledsoe (Ellison 143). The first portion of the repeat is Bledoes idea of invisibility and what the narrator will eventually learn which is that having power and invisibility can coincide with each other. The continuation of the quote just continues to gain extend on how one can be invisible and successful as long as they have these basic ideas like self-assurance and self-justification. This banter with Bledsoe opens the narrators eyes to the real world and shows that being right doesnt mean you have power and without power you are nobody and remain invisible.           A changing luff in the main characters eyes occurs when his moral uprightness takes a turn and he sees that in order to succeed you may need to give up morals for support. After making an impassioned speech in front of a crowd, he is offered a job by communists to do the same for them but turns it down.

Essay --

Madison LambLouise PompaEnglish 11A06 February 2014Marriage EqualityLife, Liberty, and the credit line of Happiness is one thing that pederastics are not permitted to chase. Marriage plays an important role in our society, and I personally dont study that passel should be allowed to choose who other people are allowed to spend their life with. The right for homosexuals to marry has been a controversial topic since 1924. Denying homosexuals is a violation of our genteel rights, and love should not be determined by your gender love is love.Homosexuals only want one thing and that is a marriage licenses. They want to impart their love for their partner, just like heterosexuals do. Heterosexuals have the right to be in love, why shouldnt homosexuals? Why should homosexuals have to fight for their right to be in love, when heterosexuals nates marry, and love anyone they want? Marriage is a beautiful experience where you get to express your love, and your commitment to that person. I believe that everyone should have the right to do so.Homosexuality is becoming an accepted lifestyle nowadays with most evidence strongly supporting marriage equality. According to NCSL, as of January 2014, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, sunrise(prenominal) Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington, including the District of Columbia have all legalized same-sex marriage. Did you know that there is a tremendous amount of 598,791 gay couples, and 71,165 gay marriages? 53% of Americans strongly believe that same sex marriage should be legalized, while on the opposing side, 41% believe same sex marriage shouldnt be legalized. How can quirkiness a... ...hat everyone thinks is the normal. Understand that everyone is equal, and it should always stay that way. Homosexuality is becoming accepted more and more in America, and whether its legalized or not, homosexuals are ligh ten going to be with whom they want to be with. Denying homosexuals, or anyone for that matter, is a violation of the civil rights. Discrimination is whats wrong with our world, and denying homosexuals could put an end to all discrimination. Legalizing homosexuality will make the world a more peaceful place, and will allow each other to see whats really on the inside. The labeling and homosexual jokes will finally come to an end, and people can love one another without questioning if its okay. Everyone is on the journey to find love in the world, and some people find that in the same gender. Love is love, and thats all it really comes down to.

Eulogy for Son :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for SonThe Death of a Child non many people realize that the death of a child is non in accordance to Gods NORMAL scheme of things. It is unnatural. God did not mean for a child to go first. A child buries the resurrect. Not the parent buries the child.Most people do NOT experience the pain and devastation of the death of a child. And I truly hope no parent go away ever feel the death of their child because they do not deserve it. The pain and devastation are indescribable and single persons and even parents will never feel this devastation until they experience losing a child themselves. If you love your child, the death of your child is more painful than the death of any of your loved sensations, including ones own parents. And because of this devastation, I do not wish this pain even to my enemies. I ingest felt the pain of the loss of a baby have felt the pain of the death of my Mother, and felt the death of my Father. I know how it feels. I experienced it. It is painful, looking at those old kind kinsfolk who bore you who took care of you went through all kinds of sacrifices and pains just to look after you for years and years, until one day the child stood on ones own two feet, and then there they are, the parents, helpless and lifeless in front of you. Minou, Cyrus Mother, describes the death of her Father as a deep stab, like a bullet in the heart that pierces the body deeply. The deaths of my Sister, of my Mother and my Father were like Minous Fathers death, deep, painful, sad Then, the pain and sadness are gone. They stop a fond memory of the good things we did together.Our deaths as parents would be something like this. Mostly the fond memories of things we did together and that as parents and as a family, we did what we had to do. We as parents have become older, and we lived our lives. It is now our Childrens turn to live theirs and hope, as parents, we did most of what we had to do as God had wished us. When we return to our Cr eator, its okay because we lived our lives we have set up our lives.

Eulogy for Son :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for SonThe Death of a Child Not many people pull in that the death of a youngster is NOT in accordance to Gods NORMAL scheme of things. It is unnatural. God did not mean for a child to go first. A child buries the p arent. Not the parent buries the child.Most people do NOT experience the pain and devastation of the death of a child. And I truly hope no parent will ever feel the death of their child because they do not deserve it. The pain and devastation are indescribable and single persons and even parents will never feel this devastation until they experience losing a child themselves. If you love your child, the death of your child is more tender than the death of any of your loved ones, including ones own parents. And because of this devastation, I do not wish this pain even to my enemies. I have matt-up the pain of the loss of a Sister have felt the pain of the death of my Mother, and felt the death of my Father. I know how it feels. I experienced it. It is painful, flavor at those old kind folks who bore you who took care of you went through all kinds of sacrifices and pains just to look after you for years and years, until one daylight the child stood on ones own two feet, and then there they are, the parents, helpless and lifeless in front of you. Minou, Cyrus Mother, describes the death of her Father as a deep stab, like a bullet in the heart that pierces the body deeply. The deaths of my Sister, of my Mother and my Father were like Minous Fathers death, deep, painful, wretched Then, the pain and sadness are gone. They remain a fond memory of the good things we did together.Our deaths as parents would be something like this. Mostly the fond memories of things we did together and that as parents and as a family, we did what we had to do. We as parents have become older, and we lived our lives. It is now our Childrens turn to live theirs and hope, as parents, we did most of what we had to do as God had wished us. When we number to our Creator, its okay because we lived our lives we have fulfilled our lives.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern Lifestyle Essay

Technology has taken unimaginable strides over the past couple of decades, affording hatful all around the institution possibility, flexibility and, above all things, convenience in their everyday communication and overall lifestyle. It is ever-changing. Whether youre sending a cope letter, making a purchase, running a business, researching a paper, financing a house, getting in touch with your old college roommate or booking a flight to Fiji, it all comes down to one simpleton thing the click of a mouse.Social NetworkingIts possible in todays world to reconnect with high school and college friends in a matter of minutes. Before the Internet came to be, it was nearly impossible to stay in touch. Unless you ran into them at your 10-year reunion, you had no idea where they were. Nowadays, in this growing culture of social networking, its nearly impossible not to know what theyve had for dinner, not to mention where life has taken them. No matter how to a greater extent miles stand between you, social networking has allowed both old and new friends to keep in touch from moment to moment.Opportunities to Work From HomeThe flexibility of working from inhabitancy in your pajamas or from the beach in your bathing suit may be one of the most attractive advantages modern technology offers for some. Not lonesome(prenominal) does it save you a long commute to the office, a ton of gas money and the inevitable stress of hitting rush hour traffic, but it buys you more time in the day to spend on more important matters like family and friends.Convenience in EducationGetting an education is as simple these days as turning on your laptop and taking classes online. Although its not your traditional classroom, the kind housed with a roomful of students seated in wooden desks and a professor lecturing in the front of the room, it is nonetheless an effective alternative to a good education. Even though you may be curled up on your couch in the middle of the night with a hot m ug of tea and your cat on your lap, you are, in fact, in the modern instruction environment, earning your degree from home. Even high school classes are being offered online for students seeking summer school and degree programs.

Don Benito Cereno: No Future without the Past

A. P. English September 22, 2012 No Future Without the Past By Bernice Mojica But the past is past why moralize upon it? Forget it. See, yon smart as a whip sun has forgotten it all, and the grim sea, and the blue sky these have turned over new leaves. Because they have no memory, he dejectedly replied because they are non human. But these mild trades that now fan your cheek, male parent Benito, do they not come with a human-like healing to you? Warm friends, steadfast friends are the trades. With their steadfastness they just now waft me to my tomb, Senor, was the foreboding response. You are saved, Don Benito, cried Captain Delano, more and more astonished and pained you are saved what has cast such a fag end upon you? The Negro. (pg. 75) -Melville, Herman. Benito Cereno. New York Dover Publications, Inc. , 1990 Don Benito Cerenos epiphany over the mistake of underestimating the Negroes keeps him moralized upon the past, rather than accepting his wrong doings and modifyin g them into optimistic beneficial accomplishments.To prove that his way of sentiment is keeping him from moving on, Captain Delano advices him that, the past is past why moralize upon it? Delano is letting him know that he cant hold himself back from a great future based on a rotten past. Although selfishness is looked upon as a sinful thought, pleasing ones self is still considered a good intention. Delano comforts Cereno by indirectly assuring him that he should never regret what has been done, because during the moment of that action, there was always a reasonable purpose to be followed.Those experiences taught him how to become a better human macrocosm hence, if he didnt go through any of that, he would not have the current penitent feelings he has at the end of the novel. Delano alludes to Benito that if the world is able to metamorphose, then so can he See, yon bright sun has forgotten it all, and the blue sea, and the blue sky these have turned over new leaves. These are all forms of our dynamic nature which juxtapose Benitos static character. DonBenito comes to realize that the population he had once tortured is the same as those who have morally and mentally saved him. This is translated when Captain Delano asks him, you are saved what has cast such a can upon you? and Cereno replies that the Negro is what has cast the shadow upon him. The Negroes aboard the San Dominick represent blackness. Therefore, Cereno is implying that blackness is the evil within human nature, which the black ethnic group metaphorically represents.Blackness is a connotation of an actual color, and in this case, it is also the live image of what us humans believe stands for worthlessness and diabolic. This comparison is an oxymoron to what Cereno is referring to. If you recall, Cereno had stated that he was saved because of this blackness which I had just mentioned was unholy. This contradiction establishes how there is no future without the past how you cannot grow wit hout a base to keep yourself standing. There is no need for transfigure if there is nothing destructive keeping you from reaching your goals.Cereno believes he himself was the destructiveness keeping the Negroes from fulfilling their wishes of being able to see their families again. This brings about the empathy that the reader feels towards him in the end. With this passage being at the end of the novel, it clearly exhibits a stable theme for the novel as a whole. Race seems to be the common denominator throughout the story. This is supported by the fact that it was written during the 1850s when slavery was most popular.Melville seems to realize that this sort of power over other humans was morally wrong and he did not agree with what was socially acceptable. Our generations have been taught that we should never judge a book by its cover, therefore, we should not judge a man by his color. You should never value a man based on what he doesnt have, but rather estimate his power bas ed on what he does have. Now that Don Benito Cereno comes to terms with the equality of all men, he took the first step into admitting his mistakes and chooses to follow a leader rather than being one.

Ode to Evening

Tuesday, March 6, 2007 Ode to eventidening William collins Introduction Ode to even, is one among the most enduring poems of William Collins. It is a beautiful poem of fifty-two lines, turn to to a goddess figure representing evening. This nymph, or maid, who personifies dusk, is chaste, reservd, and meek, in contrast to the bright-haird sun, a male figure who with limns into his tent, making way for night. Thus evening is presented as the novelty between light and darkness. Collins Construction of Evening Collins slowly constructs Evening as an allegorical figure with many attri onlyes, and many aural and visual characteristics.Collins piles up epithets Eve is chaste, reserved, composed, calm, meekest her ear is modest. The figure of Eve so far is only yet a sketch, and her attributes add up to the idea of an attractive, calm woman who is non restless or forcefully active. Contrast of Evening with the daytime According to the poet, Evening possesses solemn springs and dying gales Daytime activity gives way to calm as the wind tangiblely often dies down in the evening. Some activity now supplements our picture of Eve. The gentle movements of urine and the air ensure that her figure is not static.Eves contrast with the daytime world is even more obvious when Collins compares her to the setting sun. The glary bright-haired sun sits regally in his tent of clouds, the skirts or edges of which seem to be made of many-colored braided cloth. This ethereal (heavenly) cloth evokes a picture of a smart sunset the sun is descending to its wavy bed, behind an ocean or lake. The day is almost done, and the sun not at the height of vigor (he is in his tent), but the implication is that he rests only after an active day. The Journey of the Pilgrim into the world of EveningAfter the sunset, at twilight, the world is not yet attuned to Eves mood. The air is hushed, except for some annoying sounds the bats short shrill shrieks and sound of the beetles small but pert inacious horn. The bats weak eyes and leathern wing are not pleasant, nor are the many beetles as they are borne (by the a breeze, I assume) up against the pilgrim on his quasi-religious journey. The beetles horns together can be characterized a making a humming noise in any case they are heedless of the temper they cause. The Poet in a Prayerful Mood Up until now, Collins has simply been addressing Evening.The grammatical unit of the opening of the poem is not completed until Line 15 Now teach me. The mood of this verb is not imperative, but prayerful. In the drama of the poem, the speaker is at first unsure of himself but gradually gains confidence. Evening has ultimately arrived darkening, still, genial, cheering, vital, and beloved. The poet prays for Eve to teach him to write a poem which praises her. This is Collins way. Description of Evening Now the poem blossoms. Collins begins to build up, not a literal picture of Evening, but a picture of the allegorical figure of Eve ning composed of details which evoke more of her attributes.A car or prosodion vehicle is being prepared for Eve in which she can progress through and through the evening surrounded by her attendants. The picture Collins gives us of a ceremonial car would have been more familiar to his audience than to us. Her attendants add to her characterization. Her car is prepared by The Hours (goddesses who order the seasons and are given to adorn things), and tended to(p) by sprightly elves who sleep in flowers, river goddesses wreathed in sedge and shedding freshening dew, and pensive Pleasures. These are active and by-and-large beautiful figures, without being at all bustling or too dazzling.They all embellish the figure of Eve, delicately balancing her qualities active yet calm, beautiful and cheerful yet chaste and reserved. The Spirit of Evening Collins then asks Evening to lead on as she progresses to this lovely days end. She moves from the lowly heath, lighted now only by a notice of a totally calm lake. Moving upward where Evening can be seen for the last time, the lakes light cheers an ancient building and an upland field. poster that Eve is addressed a votress presumably like the poet she worships the spirit of Evening. The Other side of Evening Collins now expands on his definition.So far, his description of Evening has been calm and beautiful. But Collins Evening is not just beautiful. She also includes chill blustering winds and driving rain. When he cannot walk around, the poet hopes to look out from a hut on a mountainside, rather like the place from which many Claude scenes are viewed. He will see wild scenery and flooding rivers, as well as the poems first traces of ordinary civilization hamlets brown, and dim-discovered spires. Now night falls as Eves dewy fingers draw / The gradual dusky veil. Evening as seen through the Whole Year Collins then takes Evening through the year.As before, some of the associations are not pleasant. Spring is nice ly associated with both water and the movement of air (showers and breathing tresses), Summer with sport and half-light. Autumn is less lovely (sallow), but is generous with leaves. winter is nasty, yelling through the troublous air and attacking Eves train (of attendants? of her dress? ) and even rending her robes. Evening can be attacked and is vulnerable, but she is not defeated. Collins characterization leads us from the beautiful picture of the poems first 32 lines to a picture of Evenings strength to endure through good and bad.All in all, Collins has accomplished what he evidently set out to docatch lovely time of day in all its transitory aspects. Evening as a State of Mind Lessons from Evening From the beginning Collins has asked Evening to lead him on, to infuse his heart and bear in mind with the ability to see her and write about her. The progress in the poem has not just been the gradual unfolding of Evening, but the gradual education of the poet about what Evening isf rom the early visions of shadowy beauty to the qualities that endure through bad weather.These qualities have obvious human analogues. In short, Evening becomes, not only a time of day, but a state of mind that develops in the pilgrim/poet by contemplating and experiencing and writing about the literal evening. Literal evening is not just associated with but actually helps cause this wonderful calm, happy, contemplative, intelligent, happy, open, creative, sympathetic state of mind, the state that feeds Fancy (as in the writing of this poem), Friendship, Science (that is knowledge and learning), and for that matter physical, and by extension mental, health.It is no surprise that these qualities sing a hymn of praise to Eveninga hymn that is a sharp contrast to the yelling of winter a a few(prenominal) lines before. 21 Conclusion This poem points ahead. He is enabled by this state of mind and moves forward. Ode to Evening is one of the masterpieces of Collins. Collins odes, do not p oint morals. Rather they dramatically desex their subject by building up a personified and vividly pictured allegorical character. it is the best of the mid-century odes and provides a good bridge to the great Romantic poets. With collectable acknowledgements to Prof. George Soule

What is Justice?

Plato was a Greek philosopher a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle. The ternion laid win the western philosophy. Plato was a mathematician and a writer of philosophical dialogues, was the founder of the first institution of higher learning in the western world. Plato was equally influenced by his mentors thinking exclusively as what he saw as his teacher unjust death. Aristotle was a student of Plato and a teacher of Alexander the great. He was the man who created a comprehensive system of western philosophy, which was inclusive of aesthetics, morality, logic and science and finally politics.Plato who attended all Socrates trail got a trauma which direct him to desire to construct an idea society. Following his death Plato traveled wide in search of learning after which he established the A whences academy. Socrates appears as a cite in most of Platos dialogues. Most of his writings are in form of dialogue it enabled him raise several points of take and let the Re ader adjudicate which is more varied. Plato had a great influence in philosophy as well as well-disposed and cultural science. Plato grew up in a family climb that enabled him have an inter numberion with city affairs.And desired to be inject a master of his own self and find out the state of publics affairs then as many were discontented with the constitution and a revolution as well ask place. Having brought up in a family that hand a hand in leadership, who asked him to join them what he desired most. Plato expected the family to exercise rightness instead of injustice. What is justness? Justice is the concept of moral uprightness based on ethics, law and natural law. Justice usher out be equitable to fairness and equity. It is a key feature in the society.It is the fair ordering of this and persons and the first virtue of social institutions. It can be expound to be ones right to be protected and treated fairy according to the law either in good or in wrong doing. too as deciding carefully and fairly if one is guilty of what he or she is been accused of. Referring to commiseration I strongly agree that shame enhances the truthfulness of one-on-ones out-of-pocket to fear of disrespect. In this way justice is achieved to the individuals concerned. This also enables many to develop the acquired virtue of justice.On former(a) hand shame can agree people be denied justice when the person involved fears to offer something to avoid disrespect. About females and justice they should be equally handled with men they shouldnt be discriminated assumptive they are sub-species. In the current world we have seen some women do better than their male counterparts meaning even the rest given a guess can do it. Justice should be ensured equally to all break upes of people to the poor and the rich. Slaves are people like any opposite hence should non be eliminated when it comes to some matters.They can vote and those with leadership qualities should be al lowed to go ahead and exercise them. State leadership is non for a chosen hardly a(prenominal) families any one from which ever family as long as they have the capability can be given the mandate and non discriminated due to where they come from. As justice in the state is been sought, justice for individuals should also be sought. The state affair shouldnt be run on the expense of the individuals welfare. The individuals are the components of the society and state hence negligence on their affairs means neglecting the states justice. Justice according to Plato and Aristotle I have italicized philosophers remarks to distinguish then from the rest of the discussion In brief, Socrates says writing would bring harmless pleasure to old men and memories against the forgetfulness of old age A pas date, Socrates, as noble as the other wasting seeds during youth is ignoble, the pastime of a man who can be amused by serious talk, and can discourse merrily about justice and the like. He me ant as the idea of Socrates that the better(p) and true way of writing is the in bold letter the principle of justice is communicating orally for the sake of instructions and engraving in the souls.This makes the principles have ones own and his legitimate offspring though writing would keep the exact information for future generations. Justice is an old concept in existence and was discussed by several philosophers of the past. According to Plato justice is harmony of three things of the soul which includes desire, appetites and footing. Reason is what reign over both desires and appetites. Plato likened it to a chariot pulled by to joined horses towards the sunniness where the horses are desire and appetite and the driver represents the reason that reigns.The sun represents the truly important goal in life. They have to be monitored non to fly too low or too close to the sun and doing so give a true balance to all elements. He believes through and through this balance justice can be achieved to all individuals. Plato believed justice is implemented when the three types of human character performed their functions. Likewise justice of a state is not found in a part of it but the whole of the state which only occurs when it systems are balanced. Also the justice of an individual is found when his elements are balanced.He refuted the fact that just was that which was mandated by the powerful, and that might is right as opposed to Thracymachus. Plato saw a just society as one that meets the needs of all its individuals not a few or some (Hooker, pp234). Taking the ideal of Platos mentor major ideal that justice would be an excellent character, he sought to exempt that no excellence would be achieved through destructive means. He argued that the role of justice was to improve human nature, which involved only constructions. Justice according to Socrates implies well-made character and intelligence while injustice is deficiency in these two areas.Hence jus t men are effective in run due to these two traits and are better and happier. In addition Plato defined justice in an excellent way as morality or righteousness, this includes the whole calling of man and involves individual induct towards others. In deed justice can be a quality of the soul, which most men set aside and force for selfish desires and satisfaction. Aristotle denoted that the purpose of every human action was for achievement of good things. The things carried out by individuals are sough to give pleasure and happiness, others for the sake of value and justice.He also distinguished between moral virtue and intellectual virtue moral virtues are acquired and not inborn. He emphasized that people with virtues act virtuously and this is nit deniable. According to him justice is amoral virtue which includes lawfulness and fairness. Fairness calls for all privileges and responsibilities of individuals be equally and proportionally distributed. Aristotle concludes that p leasure is not the aim of human action because not every pleasure is good. He described happiness, as the unity between will and action, of intellect and reason. He concluded that human beings are happiest when control by reason.Perfect happiness there of is gained by a unity of practical and theoretical wisdom (Scott, Para 4, 5 &10). In reference to justice, shame and reputations were termed as motivators of action in justice. Many people are able to express truth when unimpeded by shame. According to Aristotle shame was a annoyance concerning things that caused individual disrespect. Aristotle concluded that a true expert is the one who challenges citys convectional justice and not constraint of shame and concern of reputation. In view of Aristotle he spoke of justice as a virtue, individual traits which have a lot of ground in social justice.On the contrary Plato equipment casualty justice as an overarching of virtues of individuals, meaning every thing that he would term as e thical came under the notion justice. In the modern usage justice only covers a part of morality, and we dont count people as unjust when they neglect their children or lie. Plato builded around the idea of philosopher rulers which was his primary point. This led to the question, then why do you need ideal state to begin with? The discussion begins with the key term justice which leads to creation of an ideal state. He says the reason for an ideal state is to guarantee the existence of justice.This never denoted that there can be no state without justice because human being are not self sufficient so they need a social environment and each person has specified tasks on which they should build on (republican, pp56-62). Though a person is not self sufficient combination of person a state should fulfill the need of all its members. Plato condemned the fact that only the auxiliaries are got a chance to state leadership and the poor had no where near. His aim was to define justice thoug h he used politics to do that. On the other hand Aristotle used politics to define politics itself.He begins his text by asking, why does the state exit? His answer was a state is a culmination of natural groupings that begins with the coming together of a man and a woman- a pair, get a family and form a household, which units form a settlement and villages into a state. Lack of sufficiency just like in Platos view is the catalyst to rising up of unions among people. In politics he is not up to breaking down the society, he argues that there are different classes in society which are naturally defined. He devotes a lot of time to explain the naturalness of salves and their importance in the society.Both Plato and Aristotle agree that some people cant play an active role in politics. They upheld expediency of the community above those of individuals directlys constitution includes a bill of rights that guarantee the rights of every individual. This is good for todays citizens. I n accordance to the three elements in human nature equally there are three classes in the society-Philosopher class or the ruling class which denotes reason auxiliaries, a class of warriors and defenders of the country implying the spirit and the appetite instinct of the community which includes farmers, artisans the lower class people of the society.Thus, weaving a web between the human organism and the social organism, Plato said this to assert that every person had a role in seeing that justice is done to all. Slavery is a contradicting issue between the philosophers and todays society. Aristotle considered slavery natural when it came to politics and in relation to slavery he undermined female population. Plato was a lot less discriminatory but this didnt stop him from believing women were sub-species. This made woman fight endless battle to gain recognition they deserved, today its well acceptable that what men can do women can do better.Plato discussed the possibility of a lux urious state. Where the needs of the people are met and there is division of labor. And there is existence of military protection that is not a threat to the state itself and offers successful military protection. Plato asks if an unqualified good human being must appear to fall to bad now and then. This would be a person who is neither perfect in virtue and justice, nor one who falls into misfortune through vice and depravity but rather, one who succumbs through some miscalculation.He must also be a person who enjoys great reputation and good fortune Enjoying a reputation means finding happiness which Aristotle on the other hand liken to performance of ones duty and is determine by ones degree of evolution. He disagrees with Platos view of sacrificing ones happiness for the pursual of the community. Plato contrary to the theories of his student, like cephalous justice out to be treated as internal not something external. It is not an importation, or an accomplishment. He proved t hat justice is not dependent upon chance or an external force.He termed it as the right condition of a human soul. He concluded his debate by locution justice is the bond that joins men together in society. Aristotle on the other hand recognized the role of deliberations in a government, in particular res publica and the extent to which real justice depended on good deliberations (politics, pp410). He argued that democracy supports good life. Aristotle proposes that the private and the government assistance should be given to the poor as a way of trying to achieve self-sufficiency which denote justice.Aristotles ideal of justice appeared superior, upon further investigation but Platos was stronger. In completion both Plato and Aristotle had good points of view they agreed in most of their debates. This was as a result of originating from the same roots academically. These deliberations they made were for the good of the society. On the other hand they differ on several topic or v iews which enabled the society to take the better view as emphasized by their mentor Socrates. Justice should be for the good of the individuals and also the society.Work CitedHooker R. Greek Philosopher Plato, 1996 retrieved on 25th Nov, 2008 from http//www.wsu.edu/dee/GREECE/PLATO.HTM Scott A, Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics, 2002 retrieved on 25th Nov, 2008 from http//www.angelfire.com/md2/timewarp/ethics.html River S, Pearson N.J, Politics Ancient Philosophy.2008 Ed. Forrest E. Baird and Walter Kaufmann. Upper Vol. 1 of Philosophic Classics. 442-453.

Creation vs. Evolution Essay

Many different opinions have been made when it comes to where did humans come from? Who or maybe what created us? We all want to recognise the answer to both of those questions and Im here to try to explain it for you.There are two different types of believe systems on where we came from. One is introduction where they believe we were created by a greater and smarter being who lives in heaven. Then there are the evolutionists who believe hat we came from atoms that exploded or aliens who created monkeys that evolved into humans.First polish off the creationists believe that about six thousand years ago God created humans. In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Genesis 11(NIV) See in the bible it says God created the heavens and the earth. At the time when God created the world He created a man named Adam and a woman named Eve to convening over the garden. The Satan, the deceiver, came into the garden and tricked the woman into sinning. As a cause the man and woma n were cast out of the garden and from then on sin has misdirect the world and made it what it is today. Creationists also believe that about four thousand years ago a flood covered the whole earth. For forty days the flood kept coming on the earth, and as the waters increased they lifted the ark high above the earth. The waters rose and increased greatly on the earth, and the ark floated on the surface of the water. Genesis 717-18(NIV). God created a rainbow after the flood as a covenant between Him and us that never once again would a flood cover the whole world.Second off evolutionists believe that the world was created by a big bang or some atoms exploding in the atmosphere. So graceful much theyre saying that the world just exploded and here we are today. Newtons law of motion says, each object persists in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by propel impressed on it. Which means that if an object is spinning and it gets fit by a strong force than it will wobble out of its original course. What im getting at here is that if you have atoms spinning supper fast and it explodes than the objects that come off of it will be spinning the same way as the original object. So, if thats so than why are a couple of are planets not spinning the same way as the rest? And so evolutionists are pretty much saying that, In the beginning dust. By Jason YendellRecourseshttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267227/ EMBO Rep. 2007 December 8(12) 11071109. http//www.clarku.edu/piltdown/map_intro/creationscience.html

Digital Technologies Essay Temp Essay

Will the challenges emerging with digital knowledge contexts, for which digital literacy is be deployed, open new horizons for the human art of thought and creating knowledge? (Belisle 2006, p.55).Reference Harvard Style noesis can be interpreted in different routes where one scholar defines knowledge as a learnt education an exerciseer(a) interprets knowledge as intelligence. Knowledge is continuing a process commencing at birth. Belisle (2006) states Knowledge is much more than the transmitted or acquired information. It is the aw beness and understanding of facts, truths or beliefs resulting from perception, erudition and reasoning. A thorough knowledge is gained done education as advantageously as real life experiences. Dependency on digital technology has increasingly changed the lives of individuals. In the modern era, knowledge is also gained from digital technologies such as computer, smartphones, televisions and the Inter take in. This essay will discuss the possibi lities of digital technologies for knowledge and the negative impacts of the technologies by examining increased expend of visual aids, access of information and by identifying if a dependence on digital technologies creates health issues and cultural and social impacts as society replaces traditional technologies with digital.In the modern era, technology helps in creating, storing and managing of information digitally. A take after conducted in 2010 by Records management practices and arrangements reported that time and cost benefits in accessing archival information, the better security of information and improved compliance with legislation and procedures to pick up privacy is maintained ( study Archives of Australia 2015). In the past, with the use of print media, people would spend time utilising mail, handbills and posters for immediate and foc employ distribution of their information. Today digital media gives us social media such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn or Twitt er that connects people instantly and information is disseminated at low cost being judged and monitored on a move basis. Effectively if it is available on the profits, it can be accessed and distributed bykeystroke with no actual physical labour. Obviously this lowers the cost of the information and enables distribution to a wider audience. admission to the abundance of information on the internet and speed at which any individual can access any information from any location has meant that the net generation and internet users prefer quick information and spend less time evaluating information. People tend to use data anywhere at anytime delinquent to faster and easier access. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) published that 13.3 million people accessed data from home for such tasks as emails, doing research, browsing news and general interests and utilising online banking. They also used the ability of the internet to share material with diverse interest groups.Twitter in particular was viewed as useful for this purpose as it is global, responsive and provides a source of relevant links enabling people to publicise their blogs and to follow those of others using hash-tags (Lupton 2014, p.30). Modern data analysing, using photos and illustrations is a very efficient way in gaining knowledge in abundance. The use of digital technology is enabling the continual development of visual aids. This is magnified greatly using Windows, interfacing technology and other imaging tools, more so than contemporary books and papers.Visual information helps in the decision making process providing a definite interpretation of information. In the past, learning and teaching was primarily text-based reflecting traditional teaching based on cognitive or behavioural science (Sims, OLeary, Cook & Butland 2002). It is now possible to attendant visual and multimedia formats on wireless devices at anytime to anyplace (Sims, OLeary, Cook and Butland 2002). Visual images such as tables, graphs, photographs and maps can be presented in the form of a report. These visual images are used more in our everyday life as a teaching resource in school or a visual reference in a business presentation.Visual images make the written data and oral presentation easier to understand and assist in the decision making process. Good decisions are based on research, digital information and Records management contribute to making decisions based on fact. Timely decisions are facilitated by ready access to information. Understanding past decisions isassisted by access to the digital data that originally supported the decision (National Archives Australia 2015). In the transition from literature to digital and from text to visual, an individual has to be aware that a dependency on digital technology can create issues.The internet is a bundle of information that allows the expression of ones self. This expression on a personal web page is likely to be a more considered control led ikon than one gained from an offline or public encounter. A web page can provide an emotional release enabling artistic ability to be compound in its layout. Chatrooms are a form of communication that gives the opportunity to speak to someone in a different country without the cost of long quad phone charges. It is instant and not like the olden times where an individual had to wait for mail to be delivered. Technology makes it easy to communicate when we wish and pull away at will. Educational websites offer phenomenal information covering a wide range of topics that vary from completing assignments to studying ones ancestry.People depend on the web when dealing with emotions. Some simply use the web to replace a paper diary recording their thoughts and responses or seeking to rationalise experiences through the web. Physiological changes have been seen in the more impressionable, such as children, who may overuse technology and exhibit changes that mimic changes scene in high attempt states, such as high heart rates, fast paced breathing and hyperacute hearing and vision (Rowan 2010). It has been suggested playing violent video games leads to increased aggression and reduced empathy suggesting these games may desensitise children to violence (Rowan 2010). People have a tendency to retain the information that supports their ideas or viewpoint. Having access to technology that enables access to pages of information creates a speckle where people search only for collaborating information and promote misinformation supporting their beliefs irrespective of social impacts. As we search the Internet we need to be aware of its perils such as identity theft and fraud but the biggest effect is cultural and social effects.Family and friends can find themselves competing with digital technologies for time and attention. Time spent with an ipad, birth control pill or computer is aminute lost that could have been spent interacting with the world around them wh ether it be a friend, family, or peers and react to extra senses such as articulation in voice or body language both which can be lost in the digital world. Face to smell contact has become a thing of the past. People maybe not spending as much time as they used to or could be together. Properly used technology helps us advance both as an individual and a civilization but improperly used, it can alienate us from each other and even hinder our physical and psychological development.Emotional distress, alienation and loss of privacy can all be experienced if, for example, refer images are spread perhaps virally beyond the intended recipient or depiction in texts of individuals who may be targeted by their peers for social and emotional demoralize because of the wide distribution of information whether visual or text (Ives 2012, p.46-47). This sort of unsocial interaction could have a widespread effect on children at school and work colleagues, the lasting psychological effects coul d be carried into future generations. This may lead to suicides, charges and withdrawal from society.The advancement of digital technology has become the revolve about of our information behaviours with the amount of available information online surpasses anything previously known and many of us have this information at our fingertips. So the challenge is to apply our thinking to this available information, our awareness and understanding of facts, truths and beliefs resulting from perception, learning and reasoning and the result is knowledge. well-disposed media and database archives never before have been more connected to the modern world. socially a lot of people benefit from the virtual world, and some people are suffering because of it. Digital mainframe and archives are helping to deliver our knowledge for future generations, but in the event of a web crash or system error, it also shows how fragile this digital age is. This basal process of turning information into know ledge has not changed but now is made more difficult by the sheer volume of information or data to access.ReferencesAustralian Bureau of Statistics 2012, How Australia accesses and uses theInternet, cat no. 1301.0, ABS, viewed on 02 February 2015,Belisle, C 2006, Literacy and the Digital Knowledge Revolution in A Martin &D Madigan (eds.), Digital literacies for Learning, Facet, London, pp. 51-67.Ives. EA 2012 iGeneration The Social Cognitive Effects of Digital Technology on Teenagers, viewed 25 January 2015,Lupton, D 2014, Feeling Better Connected Academics Use of Social Media. News and Media Research Centre, University of Canberra, p.30.National Archives of Australia 2015, Benefits of digital information and records, viewed 01 February 2015,Rowan, C 2010, Unplug-Dont Drug A Critical Look at the Influence of Technology on Child demeanour With an Alternative Way of Responding Other Than Evaluation and Drugging, Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 12, no.1, pp. 60-68.Sims. E, OLeary. R, Cook. J & Butland. G 2002, Visual Literacy What is it and do we need it to use Learning Technologies effectively, Learning Technology Support Service, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, viewed 05 February 2015,

Geely Holding? Group? Marketing Essay

Markets,? Marketing? and? Strategy? Essay? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Strategy? This? essay? ordain? attempt? to? identify,? analyze? and? discuss? the? strategic? issues? in? Geely? Holding? Group? exploitation? industry? structure? and? dynamics.? There? argon? five? competitive? forces? that? shape? the? strategy? of? a? company,? threat? of? new? entrants,? bargaining? exponent? of? supplier,? bargaining? power? of? buyers,? threat? of? substitute? and? rivalry? among? current? competitors.? However,? as? covering? all? five? forces? will? be? beyond? the? scoop? of? this? essay,? it? will? be? focusing? on? threat? of? ew? entrants? and? rivalry. Even? though? Geely? Holding? Group? exports? cars? on? top? of? selling? in? its? local? market,? its? main? market? is? the? mainland Chinas? automobile? industry1.? With? Chinas? automobile? market? growing? rapidly? in? the? last? few? years,? it? has? become? one? of? the? biggest? automobile? markets? in? the? world,? this? me an? that? the? existing? firms? in? the? industry? will? have? to? be? aware? of? new? entrants? into? the? industry.? Gerenally,? barriers? are? high? in? an? automobile? industry,? and? there? are? several? main? factors? contributing? to? this.? One? of? he? factors? is? supply? side? economics? of? scale.? When? firms? have? high? output,? it? allows? them? to? cut? cost? in? production? by? buying? in? bulk? and? because? they? have? huge? buying? power,? supplier? will? not? want? to? lose? them? as? customers? and? give? them? better? deals.? They? will? also? be? able? to? spread? cost? over? more? units? for? their? marketing,? research,? services? and? distribution.? This? means? that? new? entrant? will? have? a? practically? higher? cost? of? production? unless? they? are? able? to? come? in? on? a? large? scale.? With? 1. 2? million? Geely? cars? on? the? oad? globally 2,? this? is? sure as shooting? an? advantage? that? Geely? has? over? smaller? new? entrants. Estab lished? firms? also? enjoy? demand? side? benefits? of? scale.? When? more? multitude? use? the? product,? it? will? assure? people? that? the? product? is? trustable,? causing? even? more? people? to? be? unforced? to? pay? for? the? product.? With? products? like? automobiles,? quality? is? important.? Incumbents? have? the? advantage? of? having? experience,? acquiring? technology? and? make? customer? loyalty? over? the? years? thus,? unlike? entrants,? they? do? not? have? to? spend? as? much? on? arketing? and? advertize? to? prove? that? they? are? trustable.? In? 2010,? Geelys? sales? surpassed? target? by? 15,000? units3.? It? sales? will? be? a? testimony? of? its? reliability? to? new? customers? who? would? be? more? willing? to? buy? from? a? company? that? is? doing? well? than? to? take? a? risk? with? a? newcomer.? All? these? will? discourage? entry,? as? entrants? will? have? to? hold? their? prices? much? lower? to? compete? for? customers.? To? enter? the? a utomobile? industry,? there? is? a? high? capital? requirement.? The? high? level? of? investment? sometimes? will? admit? entrants? ut? because? it? means? that? risk? is? high.? Entrants? will? need? not? only? to? invest? in? fixed? facilities,? they? will? need? to? invest? in? advertising? and? research,? which? are? mostly? unrecoverable? cost,? if? they? 1? Geely? Automobile? Holdings? Limited? Annual? Report? 2009? ONLINE.? Available? 2? Geely? Holding? Group? ONLINE.? Avilable? from? from http//hmdatalink. com/PDF/C00530/e00175(116). pdf http//www. geely. com/english/1? 6. hypertext mark-up language 3? Geely? Auto? sales? surpass? 2010? target.? (January,? 2011)? ONLINE.? Avaliable?

Indian Socks Essay

Trivial though usually looked upon, Socks is by all odds an important part of a persons wardrobe. Still, since long the segment is not taken to be vital.Attributing towards negligence from policy makers and business developers for the celestial sphere kept unattended or least valued, Mr Rohit Pal, MD- Renfro India speaking altogether for News team at fibre2fashion describes This segment within clothing has never got its out-of-pocket respect for some years, but I think that turn outlook has to be changed, and to an extent it is changing now.Socks may not be playing major part as economy driver, but still if the segment is taken in earnest it can earn good profits for players, opines Mr Vineet Bhatia, Properitor of V K Knitting Industries.Mr Raj Kumar Jainist, MD Bonjour, bringing out the importance of sector, comments Socks is a requirement of common men for everyday needs. It is estimated to be having over 3000 manufacturing units out of which 85% is in and around Delhi and its national capital regions. And out of this, over 95% business is unorganized and fragmented. I estimate it to be around Rs. 3000crs. Business.According to Mr Pals estimates, Indian knitwear market size is much than Rs. 25000crs, and socks in region would be between around Rs. 600 to 700crs at both organized and unorganized sell end excluding wholesale.He accentuates, I think that socks would turn as part of what I call accessorization and accessories adds as a vital sector under garmenting. I estimate its been of importance in increase at a very rapid pace around 10 to 25% annually. If it has not got its due importance in the past, it has now got a pace today and it is likely to grow.Analyzing the impediments in the growth of this category, Mr Bhatia draws worry to lack of good technology in India on this front. He highlights, I am interacting with many customers internationally. Overall, our ancestry of players lags behind international competitors in technology. Otherwise , we have better opportunity in international market than in India. Export from India is not much as far as socks is concerned. But domestic market is good.Mr Jain also notes that for the socks industry there is no training college which will help socks industry get groom in India. Not a single institution is established to give any training on skills honing in this line. Even for operating machines both- hand operated and automated, training is essential in his view.Mr Ajit Lakra, president of Chamber of Knitwear and cloth Associations of Ludhiana, sees a very big scope for domestic consumption and exports of knitwear. He points up, I believe knitwear sector has a big role to play and what is required to have is more good institutes for improving the skills at all levels.10% excise duty is a detrimental aspect for Socks sector too. Mr Bhatia expresses, Socks is a downhearted cost product and bearing 10% excise duty is justsinking our product. Already cotton prices in the sinles s year have increased too much and above that excise duty that too 10% is just a suicidal kind of a thingIt is either you pay 10% on wholesale or you pay 6% on MRP whatever higher, mentions Mr Pal.

Mavesa

Mavesas Nelly Brand Pricing to befool food tradeplace Control 19/03/2013 Mavesas Nelly Brand Pricing to Gain commercialize Control Problem report The year is 1999 and Jose Luis Paez, the sept manager for Marvesa mayo is contemplating whether he should ingestion a rude(a) pricing scheme that cuts the scathe of their product due to Venezuelas circulating(prenominal) frugal conditions and increasing competition in the part.As this fresh strategy aims at slaying market donation the possibility of negatively impacting profits in the foreseeable in store(predicate) is to a fault an issue. Therefore, is this the best strategy Marvesa should use in high society to alleviate the problem? SWOT MAVESA STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Traded on the NYSE * Extensive product portfolio * Management talent * Market character leader in nigh of its categories despite multinationals * Strong recent growth * Geographic b starting timeup through exports, acquisitions or mergers * Owns 60% o f industrial ingredient (restaurants) * Good national distribution network * bendable and responsive to changing market conditions * terminal hail producer of the gloomy cost segment * assure mayonnaise gross gross revenue within Marvesa * Nelly has minimum brand loyalty and brand image * In category where low cost is a special criterion, Nellys price ar not among the lowest * Do not have the appropriate sales persuasiveness * High overhead cost OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Salad fertilisation segment growth * Growth in the industrial segment * Improve channels to increase shares in medium and small stores * Flexi-pack * Huge growth in the household segment * Changing competitive purlieu worthy to a greater extent saturated, volatile economic environment * Recession in Venezuela * kraft paper is launching mayonnaise * convert in lower priced brands due to economic downturn * De-evaluation of the bolivar * Competition Albeca and Kraft * Economy brands expected to demo 34% * Mature mayonnaise market * Decline in the premium market Options Option 1 Implement the aggressive new price strategy. Focus on targeting the economy household segment. PROS CONS Nelly created this segment * Nellys taste attributes * Huge growth predicted to confront * Nelly occupied approximately 48% of the market * Primary criterion is low price * Only 15% of the market by volume * Albeca * Entry of Kraft * unretentive brand loyalty in this segment Option 2 Implement the aggressive new price strategy. Focus on targeting industrial segment. PROS CONS * 23% of the market by volume * One customer mark signifies a lot of sales * 16% growth in the last year * Mavesa has 60% share of the market * * Competition based principal(prenominal)ly on price * Price wars amid competitors * Low lucrativeness Option 3 Maintain current prices. Focus on targeting the premium household segment. PROS CONS 85% of the market by volume * Decline in the volume over the past 2 years * timber is the key buying criterion * Customers are loyal to the brand * Recession in Venezuela * Nellys cost-cutting innovations pick out it less relevant for this segment * Kraft mayonnaise is perceived as the one with the highest quality finale Matrix Profitability Growth probable Brand image Sales Efforts Option 1 4 4 2 2 3. 0 Option 2 2 4 3 3 3. 0 Option 3 2 1 4 3 2. 5 Recommendation Nelly should utilise its new aggressive pricing strategy. As the decision matrix shows it, they should leverage the reduction in cost mathematical product to increase their market shares both(prenominal) in the economy household segment and in the industrial segment. Low-costsNelly is the lowest cost producer in the low-cost segment which leaves some margin for cost reduction. The main threat about it is the overhead costs that Nelly has to pay for sales force and management regarding the companys size in comparison to its competitors. It is anticipate that cost-cutting innovations such as the flexi- pack and the reduction of oil in the production of mayonnaise give compensate for those costs. It also has to be precarious and not set is price to low or too high. Protection of the shares in the Premium market Nelly should make clear differentiation between the salad dressing targeting economy segment and mayonnaise targeting the premium segment.The company wants to implement cost-cutting innovations to gain to a greater extent share in the economy segment, but it do not want to lose its shares in the premium market. By offering two products, one marketed as mayonnaise for the premium market and one marketed as salad dressing for the economy market, Nelly could increase its shares while gaining more shares. Distribution Channels and Sales Force Investment will have to be made in order to either hire more trained sales force to get access to more medium to small-sized stores or increase wholesalers and distributors additional margin on volume discounts. By increasing wholesalers a nd distributors margins on volume discounts, it could become and incentive to push sales.Nevertheless, since the difference in the level of distribution between stores be indirectly and directly by Nellys sales force is important, hiring new sales force would be the most recommend strategy. Industrial Even if this segment has low profitability because of the price wars, Nelly could take receipts of the cost-cutting innovations made in production and packaging. In this segment, one customer account represents huge sales. Mavesa already has 60% of the market shares while its major competitor owns 30% of the shares. With its new low cost, it could at least gain the remaining 10% of the shares that is split among small regional competitors who would credibly not be able to decipher the price reduction.Mavesa Mavesas Nelly Brand Pricing to Gain Market Control 19/03/2013 Mavesas Nelly Brand Pricing to Gain Market Control Problem statement The year is 1999 and Jose Luis Paez, the cate gory manager for Marvesa mayonnaise is contemplating whether he should use a new pricing strategy that cuts the price of their product due to Venezuelas current economic conditions and increasing competition in the segment.As this new strategy aims at gaining market share the possibility of negatively impacting profits in the foreseeable future is also an issue. Therefore, is this the best strategy Marvesa should use in order to alleviate the problem? SWOT MAVESA STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Traded on the NYSE * Extensive product portfolio * Management talent * Market share leader in most of its categories despite multinationals * Strong recent growth * Geographic expansion through exports, acquisitions or mergers * Owns 60% of industrial segment (restaurants) * Good national distribution network * Flexible and responsive to changing market conditions * Lowest cost producer of the low cost segment * Contracting mayonnaise sales within Marvesa * Nelly has minimal brand loyalty and brand imag e * In category where low price is a primary criterion, Nellys price are not among the lowest * Do not have the appropriate sales force * High overhead costs OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Salad dressing segment growth * Growth in the industrial segment * Improve channels to increase shares in medium and small stores * Flexi-pack * Huge growth in the household segment * Changing competitive environment becoming more saturated, volatile economic environment * Recession in Venezuela * Kraft is launching mayonnaise * Shift in lower priced brands due to economic downturn * De-evaluation of the bolivar * Competition Albeca and Kraft * Economy brands expected to represent 34% * Mature mayonnaise market * Decline in the premium market Options Option 1 Implement the aggressive new price strategy. Focus on targeting the economy household segment. PROS CONS Nelly created this segment * Nellys taste attributes * Huge growth predicted to continue * Nelly occupied approximately 48% of the market * Primar y criterion is low price * Only 15% of the market by volume * Albeca * Entry of Kraft * Little brand loyalty in this segment Option 2 Implement the aggressive new price strategy. Focus on targeting industrial segment. PROS CONS * 23% of the market by volume * One customer account signifies a lot of sales * 16% growth in the last year * Mavesa has 60% share of the market * * Competition based chiefly on price * Price wars between competitors * Low profitability Option 3 Maintain current prices. Focus on targeting the premium household segment. PROS CONS 85% of the market by volume * Decline in the volume over the past 2 years * Quality is the key buying criterion * Customers are loyal to the brand * Recession in Venezuela * Nellys cost-cutting innovations make it less relevant for this segment * Kraft mayonnaise is perceived as the one with the highest quality Decision Matrix Profitability Growth Potential Brand image Sales Efforts Option 1 4 4 2 2 3. 0 Option 2 2 4 3 3 3. 0 Opti on 3 2 1 4 3 2. 5 Recommendation Nelly should implement its new aggressive pricing strategy. As the decision matrix shows it, they should leverage the reduction in cost production to increase their market shares both in the economy household segment and in the industrial segment. Low-costsNelly is the lowest cost producer in the low-cost segment which leaves some margin for cost reduction. The main threat about it is the overhead costs that Nelly has to pay for sales force and management regarding the companys size in comparison to its competitors. It is assumed that cost-cutting innovations such as the flexi-pack and the reduction of oil in the production of mayonnaise will compensate for those costs. It also has to be precarious and not set is price to low or too high. Protection of the shares in the Premium market Nelly should make clear differentiation between the salad dressing targeting economy segment and mayonnaise targeting the premium segment.The company wants to implement cost-cutting innovations to gain more share in the economy segment, but it do not want to lose its shares in the premium market. By offering two products, one marketed as mayonnaise for the premium market and one marketed as salad dressing for the economy market, Nelly could increase its shares while gaining more shares. Distribution Channels and Sales Force Investment will have to be made in order to either hire more trained sales force to get access to more medium to small-sized stores or increase wholesalers and distributors additional margin on volume discounts. By increasing wholesalers and distributors margins on volume discounts, it could become and incentive to push sales.Nevertheless, since the difference in the level of distribution between stores attended indirectly and directly by Nellys sales force is important, hiring new sales force would be the most recommend strategy. Industrial Even if this segment has low profitability because of the price wars, Nelly could take advantage of the cost-cutting innovations made in production and packaging. In this segment, one customer account represents huge sales. Mavesa already has 60% of the market shares while its major competitor owns 30% of the shares. With its new low cost, it could at least gain the remaining 10% of the shares that is split among small regional competitors who would probably not be able to follow the price reduction.

The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature

Introduction It is difficult to date or define the spiritual rebirth. Etymologic anyy the term, which was eldest utilise in Eng bestow only as late as the nineteenth century, means re-birth. Broadly speaking, the renascence implies that re-awakening of attainment which came to atomic number 63 in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The reincarnation was non only an face only if a European pheno take inforceon and basic each(prenominal)y checked, it signalised a thorough substitution of the medieval habits of fantasy by novel attitudes.The dawn of the Renaissance came first to Italy and a little later to France. To England it came much later, roughly about the beginning of the cardinalth century. As we have said at the outset, it is difficult to date the Renaissance however, it may be mentioned that in Italy the clashing of Grecian learning was first felt when after the Turkish conquest of Constantinople the Greek scholars fled and took refuge in Italy carrying with them a enormous treasure of ancient Greek literature in manuscript.The study of this literature laid-off the soul and imagination of the Italy of that time and created a youthful pleasing of intellectual and aesthetic culture preferably different from that of the Middle Ages. The light of the Renaissance came very slowly to the isolated island of England, so that when it did come in in all its brilliance in the sixteenth century, the Renaissance in Italy had already become a fatigued force. It is difficult to define the Renaissance, but its broad implications in England do not defy discussion. Michelet exaggeratedly calls the Renaissance discovery by mankind of himself and of the world. This is, indeed, too sweeping. More correctly we can say that the following argon the implications of the Renaissance in England (a) First, the Renaissance meant the death of mediaeval scholasticism which had for long been keeping human thought in bondage. The schoolmen got themselves entangl ed in useless controversies and tried to apply the principles of Aristotelean . philosophy to the doctrines of Christianity, thus liberal birth to a vast literature characterised by polemics, casuistry, and sophistry which did not advance man in any way. b) Secondly, it signalised a revolt against spiritual authority-the authority of the Pope. The Reformation, though not part of the revitalization of learning, was still a companion movement in England. This defiance of spiritual authority went eliminate in hand with that of intellectual authority. Renaissance intellectuals distinguished themselves by their flagrant anti-authoritarianism. (c) Thirdly, the Renaissance implied a greater perception of ravisher and polish in the Greek and Latin scholars.This beauty and this polish were sought by Renaissance men of letters to be incorporated in their native literature. Further, it meant the birth of a kind of imitative aim implied in the term classicism. (d) Lastly, the Renaissance marked a change from the theocentric to the homocentric conception of the universe. Human life, pursuits, and thus far body came to be glorified. Human life, as G. H. Mair observes, which the mediaeval Church had taught them the people to regard but as a threshold and stepping-stone to eternity, acquired suddenly a new momentousness and value. . The otherworldliness gave place to this-worldliness. Human values came to be recognised as permanent values, and they were sought to be enriched and illumined by the heritage of antiquity. This bred a new kind of paganism and marked the rise of humanism as also, by implication, materialism. Let us now consider the impact of the Renaissance on the various departments of side of meat literature. Non-creative Literature Naturally enough, the first impact of the Renaissance in England was registered by the universities, being the repositories of all learning.Some position scholars, becoming aw atomic number 18 of the revival of learning in Italy, went to that country to benefit by it and to examine personally the manuscripts brought there by the fleeing Greek scholars of Constantinople. great(p) among these scholars were William Grocyn (14467-1519), Thomas Linacre (1460-1524), and John Colet (14677-1519). After returning from Italy they organised the teaching of Greek in Oxford. They were such(prenominal) larn and reputed scholars of Greek that Erasmus came all the way from Holland to learn Greek from them.Apart from scholars, the impact of the Renaissance is also in a measure, to be seen on the fashion of the educationists of the age. Sir Thomas Elyot (14907-1546) wrote the Governour (1531) which is a treatise on moral philosophy modelled on Italian working and full of the spirit of romish antiquity. Other educationists were Sir John Cheke (1514-57), Sir Thomas Wilson (1525-81), and Sir Roger Ascham (1515-68). Out of all the educationists the last named is the most important, on account of his Scholemaster publi shed two years after his death. Therein he puts forward his views on the teaching of the classics.His own style is too obviously based upon the ancient Roman writers. By turns, remarks Legouis, he imitates Ciceros periods and Senecas nervous conciseness. In addition to these well-known educationists must be mentioned the honorable number of now obscure onesthose many unacknowledged, unknown guides who, in school and University, were teaching men to extol and imitate the masterpieces of antiquity (Legouis). Prose The most important prose writers who exhibit well the influence of the Renaissance on English prose are Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, Lyly, and Sidney.The first named was a Dutchman who, as we have already said, came to Oxford to learn Greek. His chief work was The Praise of Folly which is the English translation of his most important work-scripted in England. It is, according to Tucker Brook, the shell expression in literature of the attack that the Oxford reformers were mak ing upon the medieval system. Erasmus wrote this work in 1510 at the theatre of his friend Sir Thomas More who was executed at the bidding of Henry VIII for his refusal to give up his allegiance to the Pope. Mores famous prose romance Utopia was, in the words of Legouis, true prologue to the Renaissance. It was the first book written by an Englishman which achieved European fame but it was written in Latin (1516) and only later (1555) was translated into English. Curiously enough, the next work by an English man again to acquire European fame-Bacons Novum Organwn-was also written originally in Latin. The word Utopia is from Greek ou topos meaning no place. Mores Utopia is an imaginary island which is the habitat of an ideal republic. By the conceive of of the ideal state is implied a kind of social criticism of contemporary England. Mores indebtedness to Platos Republic is quite an obvious.However, More seems also to be indebted to the then recent discoveries of the explorers and navigators-like Columbus and Vasco da Gama who were mostly of Spanish and Portuguese nationalities. In Utopia, More discredits mediaevalism in all its implications and exalts the ancient Greek culture. Legouis observes about this work The Utopians are in revolt against the spirit of chivalry they hate warfare and despise soldiers. Communism is the law of the land all are workers for only a limited number of hours. Life should be pleasant for all asceticism is condemned.More relies on the goodness of human nature, and intones a hymn to the glory of the senses which reveal natures wonders. In Utopia all religions are authorized, and tolerance is the law. Scholasticism is scoffed at, and Greek philosophy preferred to that of Rome. From one end to the other of the book More reverses medieval beliefs. Mores Utopia created a new genre in which can be classed such works as Bacons The New Atlantis (1626), Samuel Butlers Erewhon (1872), W. H. Mallocks The New Republic (1877), Richard Jefferies After London (1885), W. H.Hudsons The Crystal Age (1887), William Morris tidings from Nowhere, and H. G. Wells A Modern Utopia (1905). Passing on to the prose writers of the Elizabethan age-the age of the flowering of the Renaissance-we find them markedly influenced some(prenominal) in their style and thought-content by the revival of the antique classical learning. Sidney in Arcadia, Lyly in Euphues, and Hooker in The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity write an English which is away from the language of common speech, and is either too heavily ladenas in the case of Sidney and Lyly-with bits of classical finery, or modelled on Latin syntax, as in the case of Hooker.Cicero ? eemed to these writers a verv obvious and respectable model. Bacon, however, in his sententiousness and cogency comes near Tacitus and turns away from the prolixity, diffuseness, and ornamentation associated with Ciceronian prose. Further, in his own career and his Essays, Bacon stands as a representativ e of the materialistic, Machiavellian facet of the Renaissance, particularly of Renaissance Italy. He combines in himself the dispassionate pursuit of truth and the keen desire for material advance. PoetrySir Thomas Wyatt (1503-42) and the Earl of Surrey (15177-47) were pioneers of the new poesy in England. After Chaucer the spirit of English poetry had slumbered for upward of a century. The change in pronunciation in the fifteenth century had created a lot of confusion in prosody which in the practice of such important poets as Lydgate and Skelton had been reduced to a mockery. The revival, as Legoius says, was an uphill c anthropoidr verse had to be drawn from the languor to which it had sunk in Stephen Hawes, and from the disorder in which a Skelton had plunged it all had to e done anew. It was Wyatt and Surrey who came forward to do it. As Mair puts it, it is with these two courtiers that the modern English poetry begins. Though they wrote much earlier, it was only in 1557, a year before Elizabeths coronation, that their work was published in Tottels Miscellany which is, according to G. H. Mair, one of the landmarks of English literature. Of the two, Wyatt had travelled extensively in Italy and France and had come under the good turn of Italian Renaissance.It must be remembered that the work of Wyatt and Surrey does not reflect the impact of the Rome of antiquity alone,. but also that of modern Italy. So far as versification is concerned, Wyatt and Surrey imported into England various new Italian mensurable patterns. Moreover, they gave English poetry a new sense of grace, dignity, delicacy, and harmony which was found by them lacking iil the works of Chaucer and the Chaucerians alike. Further, they Were highly influenced by the love poetry of Petrarch and they did their best to imitate it.Petrarchs love poetry is of the courtly kind, in which the pining lover is shown as a servant of his mistress with his heart tempest-tossed by her put down and his mood varying according to her absence or presence. There is much of idealism, if not downright artificiality, in this kind of love poetry. It goes to the credit of Wyatt to have introduced the sonnet into English literature, and of Surrey to have first written quad verse. Both the sonnet and blank verse were later to be practised by a vast number of the best English poets. According to David Daiches. Wyatts sonnets represent one of the most interesting movements toward metrical tick off to be found in English literary history. Though in his sonnets he did not wage regular iambic pentameters yet he created a sense of discipline among the poets of his times who had forgotten the lesson and manakin of Chaucer and, like Skelton, were writing ragged and jagged lines which jarred so unpleasantly upon the ear. As Tillyard puts it, Wyatt let the Renaissance into English verse by importing Italian and French patterns of sentiment as well as versification.He wrote in all thirty-two sonn ets out of which seventeen are adaptations of Petrarch. Most of them (twenty-eight) have the rhyme-scheme of Petarchs sonnets that is, each has the octave a bbaabba and twenty-six out of these twenty-eight have the c d d c e e sestet. Only in the last three he comes near what is called the Shakespearean formula, that is, three quatrains and a couplet. In the thirtieth sonnet he exactly produced it this sonnet rhymes a b a b, a b a b, a b a b, c c.Surrey wrote about fifteen or sixteen sonnets out of which ten use the Shakespearean formula which was. to enjoy the greatest popularity among the sonneteers of the sixteenth century. Surreys work is characterised by . exquisite grace and tenderness which we find missing from that of Wyatt. Moreover, he is a better craftsman and gives greater harmony to his poetry. Surrey employed blank verse in his translation of the fourth book of The Aeneid, the work which was first translated into English verse by Gavin Douglas a generation earlier, bu t in heroic couplets.Drama The revival of ancient classical learning scored its first clear impact on English drama in the middle of the sixteenth century. Previous to this impact there had been a pretty vigorous native tradition of drama, particularly waggery. This tradition had its origin in the liturgical drama and had progressed through the miracle and the mystery, and later the morality, to the interlude. John Heywood had written quite a few vigorous interludes, but they were altogether different in tone, spirit, and purpose from the Greek and Roman drama of antiquity.The first English regular disaster Gorboduc (written by Sackville and Norton, and first acted in 1562) and comedy Ralph Roister Doister (written about 1550 by Nicholas Udall) were very much boguss of classical tragedy and comedy. It is interesting to note that English dramatists came not under the spell of the ancient Greek dramatists (Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the tragedy writers, and Aristophanes, the comedy writer) but the Roman dramatists (Seneca, the tragedy writer, and Plautus and. Terence the comedv writers).It was indeed unfortunate, as Greek drama is vastly superior to Roman drama. Gpfboduc is a savish imitation of Senecan tragedy and has all its features without much of its life. Like Senecan tragedy it has revenge as the tragical otive, has most of its important incidents (mostly murders) narrated on the -stage by messengers, has much of rhetoric and verbose declamation, has a ghost among its dramatis personae, and so forth. . . is indeed a good instance of the blood and thunder kind of tragedy. Ralph Roister Doister is modelled upon Plautus and Terence.It is based on the stupid endeavours of the hero for winning the love of a married woman. There is the cunning, merry break ones back-Matthew Merrygreek-a descendant of the Plautine slave who serves as the motive power which keeps the play going. Later on, the University Wits struck a note of emancipation in their dramatic work. They refused to copy Roman drama as slavishly as the writers of Gorboduc and Roister Doister. heretofore so, their plays are not free from the impact of the Renaissance rather they show it as amply, though not in the same way.In their imagination they were all fired by the new literature which showed them new dimensions of human capability. They were humanists through and through. All of themLyly, Greene, Peele, Nashe, Lodge, Marlowe, and Kyd-show in their dramatic work not, of course, a slavish tendency to ape the ancients but a chemical action of Renaissance learning on the native genius fired by the enthusiasm of discovery and aspiration so typical of the Elizabethan age. In this respect Marlowe stands in the fore-front of the University Wits. Rightly has he been called the true child of the Renaissance.

A Good Life Does Not Have to Be Complex.

Arsh Atwal A Good Life does not have to be Complex April 6/2013 A skilful livelihood is outlined differently for everyone. Our parents, friends, and the media all comprise a vision that we see as the best expressive style of experiencing our lives. Hen determining what is a good aliveness, there are many evident things that come to legal opinion that would be a part of a good life for everyone. Having an active healthy existence, feeling caoutchouc and secure in your life, and being happy are the most likely answers to the question of a good life. Health is an essential part to a good life, as is morals and beliefs.A good life is defined by how people interpret the term delight. Most peoples lives are based on their morals and beliefs. good deal believe money is the root of all evil, allowing things of lesser value venture them feel they are dungeon the good life. An example of this would be when people purchase an apartment and being just as national as if they would have gotten a big spacious house. However, some also believe wealth is necessary to effectively live a good life when you are seeking felicitousness through things that make you individually well off.An example of this would be buying the newest car rather than a cheaper car. Pursuing happiness through morals can sometimes be dreadful. Happiness can be found in daily life. However, as peoples living standard rises, many people dont content frank life, they almodal values will want more than. Having happiness does not mean how wonderful the house you live in is. While people are looking for something that they think can make them happy, their life becomes too complex. mass will never be happy for what they have now.Although material things can make life more interesting, they will not make you feel the real happiness and have good life. Being undecomposable everyday is what makes people happy. A happy family is a healthy and good-natured family. Having support of each other(a) dur ing good and bad times, is very important because it relives stress. Less stress means better health. Loving your family brings and keeps happiness inside the home. No support or love in a family leads to meaningless household, this can cleave family members into not caring.Keeping family close by eating meals and going on trips together makes a great loving family, which is part of a good life. A good life is not a specific way of life for every soul. For each person, the meaning of a good life is different. Whatever way of life a person is comfortable and happy with counts as a good life for that person. It is hard to differentiate that only one way of life is a good way of life because each person prefers different things and wants different things

Grapvine Communication

INTRODUCTION pipeline communication is the in nervous strainal communication meshing within an governance. Grapevine is used to spread info bypassing the glob communication structure. Just standardized the grape vine plant it spreads in random ways and it goes where it undersurface. It is formed by individuals and groups in an make-up. The raft in the groups eat up well-nighthing in common that links them together. A individual can belong to unmatchable(a) or more groups. A pipeline communication is a form of informal communication by which people communicates individually new(prenominal) with prohibited any formal line of communication.Its called Grapevine because like that of a grape vine its impossible to queue up the origin of education which results in spread of rumours. Grapevine communication is a form of informal business communication, which develops within an organization. It means call in, usually gossip that spreads and covers a kitty of ground (a lot of people), much like vines do. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At first we desire to express our deepest hotshot of gratitude of almighty Allah. We atomic number 18 thankful to our University (Leading University, Sylhet) and the respective authorities for providing us an opportunity to take our BBA program.With profound regard we gratefully eff our respected course teacher Md. Shamimul Islam for his generous help and day to day suggestion during preparation of the assignment. He is so much an inspiration and guidance to us that we ar, short of words in expression our gratitude. We like to give thanks especially to our friends and many individuals, for their enthusiastic encouragements and help during the preparation of this assignment by manduction ideas regarding this subject and for their assistance in typing and proof reading this manuscript.And finally, we thank to all of our group members as they all were serious and prolific towards making this assignment. Once more time to Sir, we owe more than we can mention or soly for teaching us to see the silver lining in e rattling great(p) work. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY We soak up prep atomic number 18d this assignment to know about the pipeline, its positive and disallow impact. Actually what the pipeline is and what be the impact of pipeline in any organization. We mainly tried to find out whether line is helpful or it is harmful for the organizations progress. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDYIn this assignment we start out collected contrasting information from both primary and secondary germs of information. We collected different data from different books alone mainly by browsing internet (secondary source). We paid more attention to secondary source to collect updated information. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY In this assignment we tried to find the effect of grapevine in the organization besides didnt get enough information on this topic. Because of the s cable carcity of information from primary sources we thr ust to depend on secondary sources. DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC DefinitionIn the word of Keith Davis, Grapevine is fundamentally a short letter of horizontal communication, for its only people working at the same level of hierarchy who can colloquially communicate with one another with perfect ease. Formal vs. free Channels of Communication Every organization has a formal communication system. This formal system provides information regarding the organization to the employees through different media. The formal network, made up of memos, reports, staff-meetings, department meetings, conferences, club newsletters, official notices, is highly documented and as such has very little chance for change.However, nearly all of the information within the grapevine is undocumented and is thereby open air to change and interpretation as it moves through the network. The informal organization is slight permanent and less horse barn because its leaders and convenings of action change readil y. This occurs because of the dependency of the network on personalities, whereas the formal network is set up through structured policies nondependent on individuals. The grapevine is flexible and personal and can spread information immediate than the formal communication airs.The grapevine is also capable of penetrating even the tightest security because it cuts across organisational lines and deals directly with people in the know. Bosses who chose not to pay attention to the grapevine have 50% less presumable information than those who do. It exists because of excessive structuring of formal work flows and the excessive channeling of information flows. It is fed by personal apprehension, beseech fulfillment, retaliation, and gossip. Surprisingly, most researchers have found that most grapevine information is either true or has within it a kernel of truth.How Accurate is the Grapevine Allport and Postmans research indicated that most accounts start as a report of an actual episode that is to say, with some(a)ones perceptual experience of an event which he deems of sufficient interest and enormousness to communicate to others. Once this central theme, the actual episode, has been accepted there is a tendency to distort ensuant news or events in order to make them consistent with the central theme. However, Keith Davis reports from his research that in median(prenominal) business situations between 75 percent and 95 percent of grapevine information is correct. In ordinary people tend to specify the grapevine is less accurate than it is because its errors tend to be more melodramatic and consequently are more impressed on ones memory than its day-to-day routine accuracy. In a normal work situation, upwards of 80% of the information that get bys over the grapevine is accurate. turn the day-to-day accuracy whitethorn be good, people reckon the grapevine is less accurate because the times it is wrong are more dramatic. A communication whitethorn be 90% correct in details but that last 10% is often the most important part of the message.Messages from the grapevine are often wanting(p) in all the details so that the message is subject to misinterpretation while the grapevine loosely carries the truth it seldom carries the whole truth. An interesting note about the informal communications network is that an estimated 80% of grapevine information is oriented toward the individual while 20% concerns the company. Allport and Postman discuss, in their book, the changes that occur as a rumor passes along the grapevine. The central theme may be resistant to change, however essential details necessary for understanding the true situation asseverate being deleted.At the same time the most dramatic details keep being exaggerated each time the rumor is repeated. So as the rumor moves along it begins to appear as some sort of shrinking missile as it keeps getting shorter and more pointed in flight. This may sound very undecomposabl e, however we should remember that the grapevine is fast-paced and in the main moves, free of organizational restraints, by word of mouth. Factors Affecting Grapevines Operation Several additional factors affect the exploit of the grapevine. (1) In wartime, the conditions for rumor are optimal.Military events are of the greatest importance. (2) The greater the homogeneity of the organization, the better the grapevine testament operate. (3) Rumors prosper best where formal communication is poor. They thrive in an environment where employees are not unbroken informed about anything that may be important to them. (4) They perform best in informal kindly contacts but can operate as effectively as a sideline to official meetings. In a poorly managed organization they can chip away at morale and fuel anxiety, conflict, and misunderstanding. 5) plenty start and spread rumors to enhance their status, fill gaps in social conversations, and avoid suspense over pretend events. This act ivity increases during times of stress, un acceptedty, and in the absence of news. Frederick Koenig, a sociologist who studies rumors, believes that people listen to and pass a rumor because it satisfies some need. This is wherefore the nature of people involved is important. Different people have different ineluctably and rumors a) may stagger because they are interesting or a source of diversion.The valve can be the meaning of the message or the state of the group. b) can pull together events and fill in the gaps to make sense and provide explanations for what is going on. c) can validate and support a point of view d) reconcile ones mental state with what one sees as actually going on. e) are a means of getting attention. f) are a way of manipulating situations. The idea of some person or group deliberately starting a rumor to serve selfish ends is frequently suggested. Types of Grapevine Rumors can be divided into four categories.The categories are- 1. proclivity fulfillme nt rumors 2. Bogey rumor 3. Wedge drivers rumors 4. Home stretchers rumors Wish fulfillment rumor These express the wishes and hopes of those who circulate rumors and these are the most positive and they help to stimulate the creativity of others. often solutions to work problems are a result of employees verbally expressing desire for changes. These improvements sometimes result in increased efficiency for certain departments within the organization. Even though the tone is positive they still represent employee concerns. Bogey rumorBogey rumor comes from employees fears and anxieties causing ecumenical uneasiness among employees such as during budget crunch. In this case, employees testament verbally express their fears to others. These rumors are sometimes damaging, such as a rumor about possible lay-offs, and need a formal rebuttal from centering. Wedge Drivers rumor Wedge Drivers divide groups and destroy loyalties. They are motivated by aggression or even hatred. They are divisive and very negative rumors. They tend to be demeaning to a company or individual and can cause suffering to the reputation of others.A wedge driver rumor may be someone at x Company saying that v Company serves worms in their hamburgers or in another context, a school-age child telling friends that another child has AIDS, or some other tale, like Louise, the office manager, was seen the other day alone with that young new accountant. They were in a car together leaving Motel Six. or one may spread the word that Mary got the promotion because she is quiescency with the boss. Women are more likely to be attacked with the sexual gossip. Home stretchers rumorThese are anticipatory rumors. These rumors occur after employees have been waiting a long time for an announcement. There may be just one final thing necessary to complete the puzzle and this in effect enhances the ambiguity of the situation. Now we will look at how the message is spread and those who participate. How is the message spread Within the organization communication gyves exist. The mountain chain used by formal communication may be very rigid, side by side(p) the chain of command or authority. However, the chain used by the grapevine tends to be very flexible.Four different manacles/structures appear to dominate the grapevine network according to Keith Davis are 1. Single Strand Chain 2. call Chain 3. fortune Chain 4. Cluster Chain Single Strand Chain This is a simple concept to follow, A tells B, who tells C, who tells D and so on. Each person passes the information on to the next person. The semipermanent the strand the more distortion and filtering affects the information being passed until the last person in the chain may find the information unrecognizable from the original message. Most inaccuracies occur in this chain. Gossip ChainIn this illustration A simply tells everyone with whom they come in contact. This pattern is considered to be somewhat slow in moving the inform ation. Probability Chain In this case A makes random contact with say F and C and passes on the information. They in turn randomly contact others in accordance with laws of probability. Some comprehend the information and some dont. In this structure, there is no definite pattern of communication. Information is randomly passed along to anyone willing to listen. They reference of person who communicates in this manner might be a very outgoing and run outative guinea pig of individual.Cluster Chain Here A tells contacts, B and F, who may work with A. They may tell two or lead other persons with whom they usually have close contact. Most predominant pattern is the cluster pattern. Selectivity is the background for this pattern. In any organization, individuals will generally feel more comfortable with some fellow employees than with others and whence only relay information to those in their informal social groups. This flow pattern results in information missing some individuals completely. Roles of the ParticipantsIn addition to identifying certain structured patterns, research has also wedded us some other facts and descriptions, It has been discovered that only 10% of all the individuals in an organization are highly lively participants in the grapevine. The types of individuals relative to rumors, have been identified. The three are- 1. Bridger 2. Bagger 3. Bearer Most employees fall into one of the three basic categories as they relate to the grapevine. Bridger Bridgers receive and pass information to others. These people are the ones in the first place responsible for the success of the grapevine.Bridgers are the passers-along the liaisons of rumors, also called KCs, as explained by Sutton. Key Communicator is the term that is given to this type of individual who is responsible for initially sending information into various networks. Baggers Baggers hear rumors but do not pass them along or fail to tell others. They are called dead-enders. They r eceive information but do not pass it on or only pass it on to one or maybe two other dead-enders. Bearer Bearers are not privy to any information, do not hear the information and thus cannot pass along, a rumor.They tend to be outside the grapevine. They neither hear nor pass along the information. Each type of individual can easily be identified in the communication mains previously illustrated. It should also be noted that people are more spry on the grapevine when their friends and colleagues are actively involved. After all that has been said about the grapevine the next questions that educate are What should the company managers do about the grapevine? Is it good or bad? Should the managers participate? How do we manage the grapevine? Managements Response to the GrapevineThe get word thing to remember is that the grapevine exists, William A. Delaney reminds us of this when he says the grapevine exists, always has and always will, and you cant stop it. So managers should ac cept the fact and decide how they can use it to their confess benefit. Vanessa Arnold contends that Managers interested in creating effective organizational communication will use information from the grapevine to improve communication throughout the firm. The real value of the grapevine should be in revealing to management those issues that generate from the grass roots.As Donald Thompson said its usefulness is seldom acknowledged, its voice often muffled, its insights ignored. Should Managers Participate In many cases lower and middle managers are already active participants. They hold strategic positions in the communication channel because they filter and block two-way communication between higher management and operating employees. Managers basically have three options when it comes to their participation in the grapevine 1. Ignore the grapevine, be no part of it. This is difficult in most organizations, but can be accomplished.They do their job and let it operate unnoticed just about them. In effect they ferment an isolate. 2. Participate only when it serves their purpose. In this case they may seek out the grapevine and tap it to learn what is being said concerning a specific situation or issue. 3. bring into being an active and full-time participant. Managing the Grapevine Since the grapevine cannot be held responsible for errors and is somewhat of an unknown, managers sometimes succumb to the wish that it will go away but we have learned from experience and research that homicide will not work with the grapevine.It cannot be abolished, rubbed out, hidden under a basket, chopped down, tied up, or stopped. If we suppress it in one place it will pop up in another. If we cut off one of its sources, it merely moves to another one It is as hard to kill as the mythical glass snake, that, when struck, broke itself into fragments and grew a new snake out of each piece. In a sense, the grapevine is a human birthright, because whenever people congregate i nto groups, the grapevine is sure to develop. It may use smoke signals, jungle tom-tome, taps on a prison wall, ordinary conversation, or some other method, but it will always be there.Organizations cannot onset the grapevine because they did not hire it. It is simply there. Management Options Internal rumors are generally managed differently than remote rumors if for no other reason than management of a company has more control over home(a) formal communication than over information sent out to the external environment. Since grapevine activity increases during times of uncertainty, management must provide information through the formal system of communication about key issues and events that affect employees.Management should supply employees with a steady flow of accurate, timely information in this way, the potential damage caused by the grapevine can be minimized. Any attempt to soften or distort a rumor to make things look good is not a good way to deal with the rumor. The durable a rumor circulates the more difficult it is to control. Facts should be released quickly. The grapevine can be controlled with prompt, clear, and accurate information on the issues important to the employees. Full facts must be presented. Formal communication lines must be unplowed open and the process as short as possible.Direct memos, large group announcements, and intercom systems should be used. If employees apprehend management is giving them the facts, they will be less anxious and less emotional when rumors are heard. Although the best-loved management option is prevention, this never works 100% of the time. In other words, there will be negative rumors and if one wants to manage them, one ought to be prepared. So when prevention doesnt work, and it wont, what can one do? Two methods are suggested. First, a four-step method, and second, a disciplined three-phase management program, Generally, in the four-step method, four steps are suggested 1.Seek to keep employees informed about what is going on. A formal company newsletter always seems to help. 2. circumspection rumors. Listen to what is being said that is 80% true. What other information source is so highly credible? 3. Act promptly. Rumors are more difficult to correct over time because they hardenthe details become consistent and the information becomes publicly accepted, 4. Conduct a training program for employees on the nature of rumors. Advantages of Grapevine Communication Grapevine communication creates a social bond where none existed.People like to talk to one another whether they talk about work or family, or anything. Teams become more cohesive when members talk to one another outside of the project or assignment they may be working on. Informal communication lends itself to bonding. The grapevine fills in a gap that is left when official information is missing, especially in chaotic or changing times. Even in organizations where management is very proactive about communicating change and keeping employees informed, the grapevine helps to fill in the blanks.The grapevine in many ways helps keep people honest it can dissuade people from engaging on behavior that they dont want others to know about. This is a two edge sword. On one hand, people will think twice about taking what they know is a wrong course of action. On the other hand, they may also think twice about taking a necessary risk and doing the right thing, awful those appearances that may give rise to rumors. Disadvantages of Grapevine Communication There are some intrinsic dangers in bypassing the organizational channels to get to the facts of the matter.The main danger is that much of the information that gets spread through the grapevine is not verified. Some of the information is likely false and difficult, if not impossible, to verify. We discount information when the source is a known gossiper. But not completely Even when the source is someone known to spread rumors, we believe that where theres smoke Since we dont know what part is fire and what smoke is, we accept the whole rumor. To prune our participation in spreading the rumor, we tell ourselves that part of it must be true.The main reason why we give credence to a rumor is that it seems to match what we think about the situation or person that the rumor is about. We also tend to believe the person sharing the rumor with us. Another main impairment of grapevine communication is that its often used to spread more than rumors its used to spread gossip. The terms rumors and gossip are used sometimes interchangeably, but rumors are not quite the same as gossip. both(prenominal) are pieces of information that cant be verified, but rumors tend to affect organizations or groups of people, while gossip refers to more personal matters.When gossip is being spread through the grapevine, peoples reputations, careers, and lives can get destroyed very rapidly. FINDINGS While preparing our assignment we have to study a lot on this topic. From all our experience we gathered, we can come to an end that, certain situations like insecurity of service, uncertainty over promotions, special increments to a particular employee, certain innovations in the organization likely to affect the job prospects of the employees are sure to activate the leaders of the grapevine so that very soon all kinds of rumors have spread in the organization.Whether grapevine is sour or sweet is depends on its impact on the organization. If it works for the organization to increase its quality it will be sweet. For this we will have to use grapevine efficiently. On the other hand, if it works against the organizations purpose it will be considered as sour. SUGGESTION From our study we can suggest that, to use grapevine efficiently we should follow the following ways 1. The managers should try to spot the leaders. They should try to find out the people who are more active on the grapevine and keep them well informed so that harmful rumors do not adjoin the employees. . The grapevine should be used to feel the pulse of the employees. 3. If there is any false rumor, the management should straight off use the official channels to contradict and to dispel the fears of the employees. 4. Involve the workers in the decision-making process. CONCLUSION The grapevine is basically a channel of horizontal communication, for it is only people working at the same level of hierarchy who can informally communicate with one another with perfect ease.Thus the workers may have one grapevine and the first line supervisors another. But the fact is that the grapevine does not follow any set pattern and it can be effective horizontally, vertically and even diagonally. REFERENCE Secondary Source 1. Essentials of Business Communication, by Rajendra Pal & J. S. Korlahalli 2. Business communication (Theory and Application), by M. Omar Ali 3. www. definitions. net/definition/grapevine. 4. http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/grapev ine.