The Council for Exceptional Children

The Council for Exceptional Children and Its Code of Ethics The Council for Exceptional Children or CEC is an international organization that strives to improve the education of children who have disabilities or specific talents (CEC unpaged).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Council for Exceptional Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More CEC promotes the adoption of governmental policies that can benefit such students; moreover, this organization facilitates professional development of teachers and helps them receive the resources that they may need. On the whole, CEC cooperates with different agencies such as schools, educational agencies, policy-makers, and so forth. The activities of this organization are useful for helping children with disabilities as well as their families. It should be noted that CEC has a code of ethics that governs the strategies of teachers who work with exceptional children. Firs t of all, one can speak about the commitment to improve the quality of education. These people must be constantly concerned with the welfare their students and their families. Secondly, this code of ethics stresses the integrity of these professionals, especially when they interact with students, their parents, colleagues, or people who agree to participate in their research studies (CEC unpaged). In other words, they should clearly explain the rationale for their decisions and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. It is possible to identify another important component of this code.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In particular, educators are obliged to develop their skills and expand their knowledge of instruction methods (CEC unpaged). It seems that this requirement is quite necessary because there are numerous studies that can potentially improve the experiences of learners. Thus, a teacher should be familiar with the findings of many researchers and their recommendations (CEC unpaged). So, there are several distinct elements of this code, namely commitment, continuous improvement of their professional skills, and integrity. My Vision of Special Education Overall, these principles are quite consistent with my views on special education. In my opinion, the purpose of special education is to make sure that children with disabilities can acquire knowledge and skills that can help them integrate themselves into society. Moreover, special education should help these students enter professional life without being disadvantaged in any way. These are the main goals that teachers should attain. This is why commitment to quality of education should a top priority for teachers. In my opinion, educators should focus on the development of curriculum for such learners. They should remember that students can differ dramatically in terms of their abilities, interests, or skills. Moreover, teacher should adopt instruction methods that are best suitable for the students who may have disabilities or disorders. It should be kept in mind that psychologists attempt to develop the most effective methods of instruction. Therefore, continuous improvement of instructional methods and techniques is obligatory for such special education professionals (CEC unpaged). Finally, these educators should remember that conventional assessment criteria are not applicable to learners with disabilities because they cannot always reach performance standards set for non-disabled learners. Provided that these requirements are not met, exceptional children are not likely to succeed in schools.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Council for Exceptional Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, my vision of special education was shaped mostly from my study of various books and articles related t o the work of special educators. Secondly, I was able to observe the work of some special educators. Their commitment and professionalism produced a long-lasting impression on me. This is one of the reasons why I chose this career path. Their example demonstrated to me that I could create value for other people. I think that my major task will be to promote the wellbeing of these learners and assist their parents. This is my main motive for becoming an educator. The Best Practices It is also important to speak about the best practices that special education professionals should adopt in their daily work. First of all, it is important to speak about the instruction methods that teachers should adopt when working with exceptional students. One of the strategies that can be applied is modification of the learning task (Pardeck 69). For example, teachers should quickly alternate the activities of students who have attention deficit disorder. Moreover, such learners should not be forced to do time-consuming tasks because these children may not be able to concentrate on these tasks. The second method that I will use is accommodation (Pardeck 69). For instance, children with hearing impairments should have access to audio or large print books. Overall, the task of teachers is to bridge the gap between non-disabled students and learners with special needs. Moreover, the use of instructional methods is critical for the educational attainment of these students.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, educators should focus on the environment that can facilitate learning and emotional growth of students with exceptional needs (Fromberg and Williams 333). Specific actions depend on the specific disability of a learner. A teacher should first pay attention to the spatial organization of learning. For example, a student, who has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, should be visible to the teacher so that he/she could monitor the activities of a child; otherwise the learning of this student will not be productive. Moreover, it is important to remember about the learning materials that should be offered to his children (Fromberg and Williams 333). For example, students with visual impairments should have access to books with Braille script. Admittedly, teachers should provide some accommodations for such learners; however, children with exceptional need should not be separated from other students. They should be able to communicate with their peers; otherwise it ma y be difficult for them to socialize or develop emotional intelligence. Moreover, learning can be more productive when a person can exchange ideas with fellow-students. This is one of the main points that I can make. The practices of educators are closely connected to the assessment of students with disabilities or talents. First of all, educators should closely evaluate the needs of children; special attention should be paid to the learning environment, the most optimal instruction methods, or learning materials and resources that they need (Fromberg and Williams 333). Moreover, special education professionals should find ways of evaluating the performance of these learners. Teachers cannot always expect that the academic results will be similar to the results of non-disabled children. In this case, the most important criterion is the individual education plan or the IEP that describes the developmental tasks set for a student and his/her acquisition of knowledge. This document sho uld be the main guideline for teachers. Both instruction and assessment are important for the transition of children into adulthood. This transition can be successful, provided the initial assessment is objective and accurate because only in this way, teachers can identify the strengths and weaknesses of a learner (Pardeck 69). In contrast, appropriate instruction insures that a child with special needs can acquire knowledge and skills. Provided that teachers cope with these tasks, their students will be better prepared for professional life and interpersonal relations. Children with disabilities should know how to live independently because they will not be able to rely on the assistance of parents or teachers. This is one of the tasks that special education professionals should cope with. If I will work with children, who have special needs, I will certainly attach my importance to my professional development. In particular, I will regularly consult with my colleagues in order to discuss the best practices with them. I may also ask them for their advice if I will encounter any significant problems. Moreover, I will continuously study academic literature that is related to special education. It seems that the findings of other researchers can greatly improve my work. These are the main steps that I will take. Additionally, I will also have to represent a student with exceptional needs. For example, I can tell school administrators what kind of learning materials, resources, or technologies should be provided to the student. Secondly, I will closely cooperate with parents or legal guardians of the student. These people should know every detail of the IEP, the academic progress of their children, and the goals that learners can achieve. Finally, it is important to work closely with school personnel. For instance, school nurses who should instruct students on disabilities on how they can avoid injuries. These examples suggest that teachers should closely coopera te with other professionals who are responsible for the promotion of students’ welfare. Without this cooperation, the socialization and academic achievement of these students can be at risk. Strengths and Weaknesses In order to become a good teacher I should pay close attention to my strengths and weaknesses. First of all, I enjoy working with children and I am able to engage them into learning activities. In my opinion, I can design tasks that students can find interesting. This is one of my major strengths. Furthermore, I have had a chance of observing the work of special education professionals and I can adopt some of their practices. It seems that this knowledge can greatly assist me in my career as a teacher. However, I have to admit that there are several weaknesses that can prevent me from becoming a good teacher. Lack of confidence is one of these drawbacks. Sometimes it is difficult for me to cope with the feeling that my instruction methods may not be effective. At this point, my education has not been completed, and I will definitely try to attempt to improve my professional skills. In particular, I will study the best practices that special education professionals use, and attend workshops organized by experienced teachers. Finally, I hope that work experience and interaction with students can help me become a better teacher. Overall, I think that special education is of great importance to contemporary society, because they are many students, who have disabilities and special needs, and teachers should facilitate their socialization and professional life. In my view, children with exceptional needs should be offered more opportunities, especially if one is speaking about their vocational and family life. Finally, the problems related to special education policy-makers should attract attention of policy-makers and researchers. Works Cited Fromberg, Doris L. Williams. Encyclopedia of Early Childhood Education, New York: Routledge, 2012. Prin t. Pardeck, John. Children’s Rights: Policy And Practice, New York: Routledge, 2006. The Council for Exceptional Children. CEC Code of Ethics for Educators of Persons  with Exceptionalities. 4 Sep. 2011. Web. This essay on The Council for Exceptional Children was written and submitted by user Elisabeth Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Poetry Explanation

The poem I choose to read and analyze is â€Å"My Expression,† by Mignonette. The poem has an alternating rhyme scheme; it alternates between positive thoughts of love and negative thoughts of fear. â€Å"My Expression† is about the fear of finding out the truth of an undefined relationship and wondering â€Å"what if†. The main character is a woman, or a lady. I think it is very possible for the main character to be a young lady instead of woman, only because young ladies often get involved in one night stands that turn into to undefined relationships. I definitely know the main character is a girl because the poem talks about the girl wanting to lay her head on his chest. â€Å"My Expression is overwhelmed with emotion I don’t understand is this or can this be my man The confusion of confrontation prevents The question from flowing from my lips The fear of rejection deviates my mind The whisper of uncertainty tells me to confine it to myself† The expression on the girls is overwhelmed; I picture a distraught look, a somewhat painful one. The reason the girl doesn’t understand the definition of her and the guys could be either person fault. You’re not just friends but you’re not a couple either, how many people can relate to that? The girl has thoughts of confronting the guy but she fears rejection. The fear of being rejected by the guy causes the confusion. The next few stanzas of the poem express the girl’s fantasy. She images what it would be like to awake and sleep in the guys arms. The fact that the thought of just laying in her crushes, (we’ll call the guy), arms is pleasure, is sounds so innocent and pure. The girl becomes caught up in these thoughts, almost obsessed with them. â€Å"If I think of him when I lay my head to rest one day Will he allow me to lay my head in the comfort of his chest? If I think of him when I wake one day will he allow me To awake in the heart of his sensual ... Poetry Explanation Free Essays on My Expression/ Poetry Explanation The poem I choose to read and analyze is â€Å"My Expression,† by Mignonette. The poem has an alternating rhyme scheme; it alternates between positive thoughts of love and negative thoughts of fear. â€Å"My Expression† is about the fear of finding out the truth of an undefined relationship and wondering â€Å"what if†. The main character is a woman, or a lady. I think it is very possible for the main character to be a young lady instead of woman, only because young ladies often get involved in one night stands that turn into to undefined relationships. I definitely know the main character is a girl because the poem talks about the girl wanting to lay her head on his chest. â€Å"My Expression is overwhelmed with emotion I don’t understand is this or can this be my man The confusion of confrontation prevents The question from flowing from my lips The fear of rejection deviates my mind The whisper of uncertainty tells me to confine it to myself† The expression on the girls is overwhelmed; I picture a distraught look, a somewhat painful one. The reason the girl doesn’t understand the definition of her and the guys could be either person fault. You’re not just friends but you’re not a couple either, how many people can relate to that? The girl has thoughts of confronting the guy but she fears rejection. The fear of being rejected by the guy causes the confusion. The next few stanzas of the poem express the girl’s fantasy. She images what it would be like to awake and sleep in the guys arms. The fact that the thought of just laying in her crushes, (we’ll call the guy), arms is pleasure, is sounds so innocent and pure. The girl becomes caught up in these thoughts, almost obsessed with them. â€Å"If I think of him when I lay my head to rest one day Will he allow me to lay my head in the comfort of his chest? If I think of him when I wake one day will he allow me To awake in the heart of his sensual ...

Definiton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definiton - Essay Example This is also a theoretical explanation explaining why employers pay minorities less amounts. Socialization is the process of interaction between members of a given group as they share ideas, concepts, or thoughts with a given environment. Or socialization is the process through which people acquire the language, social skills, value, and knowledge which helps then to conform to the societal norms and values. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a legal provision which prohibits discrimination in all the employment sectors based on race, religion, gender, color, nationality, or pregnancy. Is main aim is to promote fairness and create ‘level the playing field’. Disparate impact occurs when rules and regulations governing all workers in the labor market have a more inhibiting or different effects on a particular group (women and minority) than it impact on the majority. Affirmative action is a policy enacted by a state to increase or create more opportunities to the underrepresented members of the society without considering their color, race, sex, religion, or nationality. Comparable worth – is a job concept with requires that jobs with comparable knowledge, skills, and abilities should be given equal recognition through same salary irrespective of age, sex, gender, color, or race of the employee. Least squares regression analysis is a statistical technique which seeks to investigate the degree of association which exists between the independent and dependent variables using the line of ‘best fit’

Mackie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mackie - Essay Example The analogy of a stone created by the divine that is too heavy for even God to lift suggests limitations to God and, therefore, refutes his omnipotence. When suggesting that the God is incapable of creating a stone too heavy for himself to lift, then he was never omnipotent to begin with. In so many ways, using the Paradox of Omnipotence to suggest that God maintains limitations is a scientific or secular attempt to refute the possibility of God’s existence. Mackie argues that whether or not men are the creator of evil by their own consciousness, the paradox of omnipotence is still valid, thus it cannot be avoided. It would seem to suggest that Mackie believes that God would be incapable of removing evil from the world or from the hearts of men, thus he should be considered without omnipotence for it proposes a limitation. If God is said to be inherently good, then a failure to remove evil deeds from the word suggests he has created a situation out of his absolute control. I disagree strongly with Mackie’s position, perhaps with some level of personal bias, in suggesting that there are limitations to God’s omnipotence. Not all actions performed by God can be rationalized, and it is commonly cited in society that God works in mysterious ways. Since none in modern society have met God to discuss his motivations and opinions, it would be impossible to suggest that God is unable to provide contradictions. His testaments speak of considerable love and forgiveness, but at the same time there appear to be no actions undertaken to remove evil. It would be illogical to assume that God is not without complicated and complex reasoning, thus he could be standing idle allowing evil to exist for a specific purpose. Perhaps the evil occurring today is a means toward an end, which does not by any practical lens suggest that

Persuasive Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive Memo - Essay Example Furthermore, there will be reduced absences and turnovers. Consequently, there will be a stable workforce, which, in turn, would improve the public image of the company. Certainly, there are issues to be addressed ranging from the operating costs and insurance issues. Furthermore, there is the need to get relevant certification to run the childcare center. However, it seems to me that despite all these issues, there are obvious benefits to the company. Obviously, there are factors that are to be addressed before taking the step ahead. First of all, it becomes necessary to find extra space for the center. In addition, there is the need to arrange funds to pay for the space. The second issue is to find suitable personnel to manage the childcare center. Also, there is the need to ensure enough funds for the staff and maintenance of the center. Another concern is the fact that this new initiative will only benefit a minority in the workforce. However, it seems that starting an onsite chi ldcare center will of immense benefit to the company in the long term as it is highly likely that the number of female employees looking for onsite childcare facility while opting for job will increase in future.

Current Air Quality Trend In Malaysia

Current Air Quality Trend In Malaysia Dimitriou and Christidou (2007) mentions air pollution is one of the most pressing global environmental problems that threaten the wellbeing of living organisms, leading to a loss of biodiversity or disrupting the function of the environment as a system. Air pollution occurs as a consequence of natural processes as well as human activity (anthropogenic). Examples of natural causes of air pollution include volcanic eruptions, forest fires and windblown dust. Anthropogenic air pollution from sources like motor vehicles and industries continues to be a serious harm to human health and welfare is more likely, namely the more densely populated urban areas. The health effects of air pollution have been reported in research studies over the past 30 years. These effects include respiratory diseases such as asthma, cardiovascular diseases, changes in lung function, and death. Colls (1997) reported particles in the atmosphere primary or secondary, solid or liquid. They come into the atmosphere, and leave it again by a wide variety of routes. Particulate matter is characterized by its physical and chemical properties Nader (1975). In addition, particle size and particle composition are characteristic that play a significant role in the assessment of health effect. In response to this information, regulatory agencies with a mandate to protect public health must now consider how to implement monitoring networks that will allow measuring the particulate matter concentration. In recent years, a increasing of number of monitoring system for particulate matter (PM) are available and are wide ranging in type, cost, flexibility and accuracy. According to Kingham et al. (2006), accurate and reliable monitoring of PM aerosol in the respirable size fraction ( In 2001, Chung et al pointed about traditional monitoring networks (Continuous Aerosol Mass Monitor, Integrating Nephelometer, Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance) for airborne particulate matter. A small number of past studies have evaluated the tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) and a series of manual gravimetric methods (Allen et al., 1997, Ayers, 2004, Cyrys et al., 2001, Hauck et al., 2004, Williams et al., 2000) but fewer still have compared other commercial monitors (Baldauf et al., 2001, Chung et al., 2001, Heal et al., 2000, Monn, 2001, Salter and Parsons, 1999). CURRENT AIR QUALITY TREND IN MALAYSIA There are 52 National Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AQMS) in Malaysia, function to monitor continuously 5 major pollutants, namely Particulate Matter (PM10), Ozone (O3), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). For the northern region of Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and Perak), the overall air quality levelwas lies between good to moderate. However, there are curtain places (Tanjung Malim, Alor Star and Sungai Petani) recorded unhealthy level of the day especially in the mid of the day till late afternoon due to high concentration of ground level ozone (O3). In tanjung Malim, one unhealthy day was recorded due to high level of particulate matter (PM10) Air Pollutant Index (API) system were used in reporting the air quality status in Malaysia. The API compute from the monitoring of Ground level Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size (PM10). Air quality status can be categorized in five main level (good, moderate, unhealthy, very unhealthy and hazardous as in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 Malaysia : Air Pollution Index (API) (Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2011, DoE) API Air Quality Status DoE in Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2011 highlights the annual average of PM10 was 43m3 , but was slightly increased compared to 2010 (39m3 ). However, for both year (2010 and 2011) value still below the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines value (50m3 ). The trend of the annual average levels of PM10 concentration in the ambient air between 1999 and 2011 complied with the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines as shown in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 shows the trend based on land use categories (Urban, Sub Urban, Background and Rural). MONITORING METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS The underway monitoring of airborne particulate matter in the ambient atmosphere is mainly for determination of the mass of the particle. The methods used for monitoring of concentration of PM can differ and are very dependent upon the aim of monitoring, sites, monitoring problem and resource that available during monitoring period. Usually, monitoring is to determine the concentration of total suspended particulate (TSP) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) have become outdated with the awareness that PM effects varies depending on sizes of the particle. QUARG (1996) pointed that the latest method of monitoring (gravimetric and direct reading method) are designed to determine the concentration of particle in the different sizes (PM10 and PM2.5). Table 1.2 displays the examples of the instrument for PM10 monitoring and the detection methods. Table 1.2 Examples of instruments used in PM monitoring Instrument Principle of detection Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) The beta ray sources used in BAM are 14C. Directly measured the particle based on relationship between beta ray attenuation to particle mass. Depends on the near exponential decrease in the total number of beta particle transmitted through a thin sample as the density increase (William et al., 1993) The gravimetric method that only the mass of particle can be affect the detector not by the size of distribution, physical size, shape or either by chemical composition (Chow et al., 1996) Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) Tapered hollowed channel will act as a gateway where the particles are collected on a filter. For minimum thermal expansion that occurred at the tapered channel, the sample area is maintained at 50 °C. Thermal expansion may affect the oscillation frequency and might be reduce the total amount of particle bound water. DustTrak 8520 Hands carry instrument and highly portable direct reading monitor. Using light scattering laser to detect the particles. Particles scattered the light which is from laser diode drawn through a constant stream. Liu et al., (2002) mentions the amount of light scatter find out the particles mass concentration. PROBLEM STATEMENT In Malaysia, PM10 monitoring was conducted by Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. (ASMA). Md Yusof et al (2010) lists two instruments used for monitoring are high volume sampler (HVS) and beta attenuation monitor (BAM). BAM is the standard instrument used by Department of Environment (DoE) to measure particulate matter in 51 monitoring station in Malaysia. Air quality of these new areas cannot be monitored and observed due to the lack of monitoring stations of air quality. To develop these new monitoring stations, definitely it will be costly and need good maintenances. Additionally, air quality at the rural areas also cannot be monitored. Therefore, a new alternative instrument such as Direct Reading Monitors (DRM) will enable air pollutants to be monitored more comprehensively. Even though DoE has set up their monitoring station, the number of monitoring stations is limited. With the use of simple instruments and cost effective, the air quality in areas without monitoring stations can be monitored and assessed. For this study, direct reading monitor (DRM) was used to monitor PM10 concentration at selected stations. However, PM10 concentration recorded using DRM and BAM was different. This is due to different detection method between both instruments (DRM used laser and BAM used beta ray) and response time for DRM was set to one minutes, while BAM records hourly PM10. In addition, the mobile factor that is owned by DRM is also affecting the reading. Therefore, an appropriate coefficient needed to make sure the reading obtained from the DRM is the same as the reading derived from the BAM. OBJECTIVES The objective of this project is:- To estimate coefficient that relates DRM and BAM by using regression techniques. To investigate the best coefficient based on performance indicator. To determine the influence of meteorology on PM10 concentration. SCOPE OF STUDY In Malaysia, Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) is the standard instrument used by DoE to measure particulate matter in 52 monitoring stations. This instrument automatically measures and records hourly particulate mass concentration in ambient air. It uses beta ray attenuation to calculate collected particle mass concentration units of  µg/m ³. For this study, Direct Reading Monitor (DRM) was used to monitor PM10 concentration at Air Quality Monitoring Station (AQMS) conducted by Alam Sekitar Malaysia (ASMA). The station selected for this research is Prai and Seberang Jaya. Both stations are situated in the north part of Peninsular Malaysia. They are many researches comparing the mass concentration results of the BAM and gravimetric methods. Salminen and Karlsson (2003) reported the agreement between PM10 concentration measured by BAM and gravimetric method. PM10 concentration recorded by the DRM was compared with data monitored using BAM provided by DoE. Three method of linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between the DRM and BAM monitoring record which is method of ratio, method of quartile and method of quantile. Performance indicators were used to evaluate the goodness of fit for the ratio,quartile and quantile method to determine which method is the best. THESIS OUTLINE This thesis has a five important parts and brief outlines of this thesis follows. Chapter one gives an introduction about air quality monitoring in Malaysia, sources of air pollution in Malaysia. This thesis also stated the problem statement, objectives, scope of study and concludes with thesis outline. Chapter 2 discussed about the literature review of the research area (particulate matter 10, measurement for PM10), and also review that determines to what extent the issues or research part has been investigated. From this chapter, a good view and knowledge about research area can be undertaken. Chapter 3 describes the methodologies that have been used in this research. The area of study, setting and sitting of instrument, monitoring of PM10 using DRM and BAM, and method to analyzing the monitoring records also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 4 presents the result from data analysis in the form of graphical techniques and table, for all three methods, performance indicator and meteorological effect with the discussion. Chapter 5 gives a general discussion of this research. The comparison of three methods was discussed and to determine which method is the best using performance indicator. This chapter also discussed the best conclusions of this research and listed of recommendations for future research. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION Sherman (2003) defined air pollution as the presence of undesirable levels of physical or chemical impurities. Many organization such as the World Health Organization (WHO, 1999) recognized particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone(O3), lead (Pb) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), as classical pollutants presenting a hazard to sensitive populations. Air pollution now becomes an increasing source of environmental degradation in the developing nations of East Asia (Alles, 2009). The air pollution in Malaysia has not reached a critical level as in other metropolitan areas in Asia, like Jakarta or Manila. (Malaysian German Technical Cooperation, 2000). However; even outside extreme haze periods, pollution levels increased despite tight regulations and this is added by the increase in the number of vehicle, distance travelled and growth in industrial production. Air quality in Malaysia is a major concern as the nation forged ahead to become an industrialized nation by the year 2020. The Malaysian Air Pollution Index (API) is obtained from the measurement of PM10 and several toxic gases such as SO2, CO, NO2, and O3. The air quality status in Malaysia is determined accordingly to API which indicates the level of pollution in the atmosphere. The API system of Malaysia closely follows the Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) system of the United States of America. According to Department of Environment, based on the Air Pollutant Index (API), the overall air quality for Malaysia in 2010 was between good to moderate levels most of the time. The overall number of good air quality days increased in 2010 (63 percent of the time) compared to that in 2009 (56 percent of the time) while remaining 36 percent at moderate level and one percent at unhealthy level. However, peatland fires resulting in transboundary air pollution that occurred in the Southern Asean region in the month of October resulted in a short spell of haze episode in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia (DoE, 2009 DoE, 2010) DoE also reported that the overall air quality of the northern region of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and Perak), was between good to moderate most of the time. However, Tanjung Malim and Tasek recorded four unhealthy days and one unhealthy day, respectively. The pollutants of concerned were ground level Ozone (O3) and PM10. 2.2 AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN MALAYSIA In order to ascertain the quality of the environment in Malaysia, the Department of Environment (DoE) regularly monitor the air quality. The air quality monitoring, which involves measurements of total suspended particulates, atmospheric lead and dust fallout, are conducted at 52 monitoring stations (Figure 2.1 and 2.2) categorised as industrial, urban and sub urban areas (DoE, 2010). In addition to the 52 stations in the National Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Network, manual air quality monitoring stations using High Volume Samplers were also established at 14 different sites for measuring total suspended particulates, particulate matter (PM10) and heavy metals such as lead. A continuous automatic monitor which gives instantaneous measurements of gaseous pollutants such as CO, SO2, oxides of nitrogen and ozone, as well as suspended particulate matter and total hydrocarbon used as the monitoring equipments by the DoE to assess air quality (Abdullah, 1995). The air quality status is reported in terms of Air Pollutant Index (API). The air pollutants used in computing the API are ground level ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter of less than 10 microns in size (PM10). The API is categorized as good, moderate, unhealthy, very unhealthy and hazardous. 2.3 SOURCERS OF PM10 The US EPA defines particulate matter (PM) as a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. PM can be in sizes or colors large or dark enough to be observed or it can be so small that an electron microscope is required to distinguish it. According to Fierro (2000), coarse particles (PM10) have an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 µm and 10 µm. They are formed by mechanical disruption (e.g. crushing, grinding, abrasion of surfaces), evaporation of sprays, and suspension of dust. PM10 particles are small enough to be inhaled and accumulate in the respiratory system (Colls, 1997). Particulate matter can come from many sources. Generally, any activity which involves burning of materials or any dust generating activities are sources of PM. Some sources are natural, such as volcanoes and water mist (Bates, 1995). PM is introduced to the air through both natural and human causes (Harrisonu Yin, 2000). PM from specific sources typically follow short term and long term (seasonal) trends (Yatin et al. 2000). For example, space heating generates more combustion related PM emissions during the cold seasons while, at the same time, snow cover can inhibit PM emissions from the soil. Quality of Urban Air Review Group (1996), published the report in which they describe that primary particles are those directly emitted to the atmosphere from sources such as road traffic, coal burning, industry, windblown soil and dust and sea spray. On the other hand, secondary particles are particles formed within the atmosphere by chemical reaction or condensation of gases, and the major contributors are sulphate and nitrate salts formed from the oxidation of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides respectively. The primary sources of PM in Malaysia, are motor vehicles diesel trucks, industrial emissions, agricultural, slash and yard waste burning, and even exhaust from lawn mowers and boats (Department of Environment, Malaysia, 2010). PM concentrations tend to be especially high in area with greater population density, nearby industries or agriculture, or where local topography or weather conditions contribute to air stagnation. 2.3.1 Traffic Vehicular particle emissions are the result of a great many processes, an example combustion products from fuel and oil, wear products from brake linings, tyres, bearings, car body and road material, and the resuspension of road and soil dust (Laschober et al. 2004). Traffic is an effective source of both fine and coarse mode primary particles, condensable organic gases, and a major source of nitrogen oxides that then form secondary nitrate aerosols. Particles of condensed carbonaceous material are emitted mainly by diesel vehicles and poorly maintained petrol vehicles (Vardoulakis et al. 2003). Diesel exhaust particles have been shown to display a multimodal size distribution (Kerminen et al. 1997) and are mainly carbonaceous agglomerates below 100 nm in diameter, whereas particles emitted by gasoline vehicles are also mainly carbonaceous agglomerates but considerably smaller, ranging from 10 to 80 nm (Morawska and Zhang 2002). Particulate matter originating from traffic can be pres ent at elevated concentrations especially during high traffic density and poor dispersion conditions, e.g. in street canyons, which can lead to high human exposures to traffic-related pollutants (Vardoulakis et al. 2003). Identification of traffic related particulate matter in source apportionment studies has become difficult due to phasing out of Pb as an additive to gasoline. Elements that have often been associated with vehicular emissions include Cu, Zn, Pb, Br, Fe, Ca and Ba (Huang et al. 1994, Cadle et al. 1997, Kemp 2002, Morawska and Zhang 2002, Sternbeck et al., 2002). Emissions of many metallic elements from vehicular sources are mainly due to non exhaust emissions, examples from the wearing of tyres, brakes and other parts of vehicles (Sternbeck et al. 2002, Adachi and Tainosho 2004, Laschober et al. 2004, Lough et al. 2005). In addition to road traffic, emissions from the main and auxiliary engines of ships can be a significant source of particulate matter and associated elements such as V and Ni (Lyyrà ¤nen et al. 1999) at certain locations (Ohlstrà ¶m et al. 2000, Colvile et al. 2001, Isakson et al. 2001). 2.3.2 Stationary sources The most significant stationary combustion sources include energy production facilities such as municipal power plants, waste incineration, and residential combustion. Several industrial processes, such as iron and steel production, also involve combustion of fossil fuels or biomass for generating power and heat needed for the process. Most of these sources are considered point sources, although smaller and more widespread sources such as residential combustion could also be considered as an area source. Physical and chemical characteristics of the particles emitted from these source categories depends on the combustion process itself, and the type of fuel burnt (solid, liquid, or gas). Combustion processes and properties of particulate matter emitted from these sources have been comprehensively reviewed by Morawska and Zhang (2002). The major industrial processes include factories processing metals and chemicals, materials handling, construction and mining. Particulate matter from t hese sources are partly released as fugitive emissions, which are not collected and released in a controlled manner, but emitted from a variety of points and areas connected to a process (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998). Chemical and physical properties of fugitive emissions depend on the processes by which they are emitted. Since the bulk of most trace metals are nowadays emitted from industrial processes, their concentrations are spatially heterogeneous and subsequently, their measurement is quite sensitive in terms of location; however, the reported concentrations of trace metals in major cities demonstrate rather similar levels of trace metals (Harrison and Yin 2000). PM10 CHARACTERISTIC. PM is characterized by its physical, chemical and optical properties. The quality of air that we breathe in every second determine by the amount of particulate matter in it. These particulate matters measure by their particles size. Those with the particles size less than 10 micron (PM10) is used to monitor the air quality which in turn is related to the health problems of the workers or public at large (Alias et al., 2007). The most important characteristic of particulate matter (PM) is the particle size. This property has the greatest impact on the behavior of particulate matter in control equipment, the atmosphere, and the respiratory tract. Particles of importance in air pollution control span a broad size range from extremely small (0.01 micrometer) to more than 1,000 micrometers (US EPA, 2010). As a frame of reference, a human hair has a diameter of approximately 50 micrometers. The suspended particles vary in size, composition and origin. It is convenient to classify particles by their aerodynamic properties because, (a) these properties govern the transport and removal of particles from the air, (b) they also govern their deposition within the respiratory system and (c) they are associated with the chemical composition and sources of particles (WHO, 2003). 2.4.1 Physical Characteristic The physical attributes of airborne particulates include mass concentration and size distribution. the size is from a few nanometers (nm) to ten of micrometers ( µm) in diameter. Size is the single most important determinant of the properties of particles and it has implications on formation, physical and chemical properties, transformation, transport, and removal of particles from the atmosphere. Ambient levels of mass concentration are measured in micrograms per cubic meter (ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3), size attributes are usually measured in aerodynamic diameter. Particulate matter (PM) exceeding 2.5 microns (ÃŽÂ ¼m) in aerodynamic diameter is generally defined as coarse particles, while particles smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) are called fine particles (World Bank Group, 1998). Particles of any substances that are less than 10 or 2.5 micrometres diameter. Particles in this size range make up a large proportion of dust that can be drawn deep into the lungs. Larger particles tend to be tr apped in the nose, mouth or throat. The concentration and other characteristics of suspended particulate matter are determined by the presence and activity of sources. Once formed, particles change their size and composition by condensation or evaporation, by coagulating with other particles or by chemical reactions (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998). Pohjola et al., (2000), found that meteorological factors such as wind speed and direction, temperature, amount of precipitation, and the height of the atmospheric boundary layer, are most important in governing the concentration variations of particulate matter. The highest PM concentrations are often reported during stable meteorological conditions such as inversion with low wind speeds (Pohjola et al. 2004). Also the physical and chemical processes affecting the particles are regulated to a great extent by meteorological factors. 2.4.2 Chemical Characteristic The chemical composition of the particulate matter is also important. The chemical composition of PM is highly variable due to pollution sources, chemical reactions in the atmosphere, long-range transport effects and meteorological conditions. Absorption and heterogeneous nucleation of vapor phase pollutants onto existing particles can create toxic particulate matter (US EPA, 2010). The chemical properties vary depending on sources of particles. It is important to note that particulates are not one particular chemical substance but a classification of particles by size rather then chemical properties.The acid component of particulate matter, and most of its mutagenic activity, are generally contained in fine particles, although some coarse acid droplets are also present in fog. Particles interact with various substances in the air to form organic or inorganic chemical compounds. The most common combinations of fine particles are those with sulphates (World Bank Group, 1998). The rela tive abundance of the major chemical components, termed as bulk chemical composition and also about trace element and strong acid contents was reviewed in the studies of Harrison and Jones (1995) and Harrison and Yin (2000). In addition to the bulk composition, Harrison and Yin (2000) also discussed trace element and strong acid contents. In the United States, sulphate ions account for about 40% of fine particulates and may also be present in concentrations exceeding 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 (US EPA, 1982). 2.5 PARTICULATE MATTER HEALTH EFFECT There are a very limited number of studies that relate air pollution to its health impact in Malaysia. The lack of data gathering for environmental epidemiological analysis makes it difficult to estimate the health impact of air pollution (Afroz et al., 2003). Whilst epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated adverse effects of particulate matter exposure on human health, the mechanism of effect is currently unclear (Harrisonu Yin, 2000). The US Environmental Protection Agencys 1996 Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter reviewed the physiologic, toxicology, and epidemiologic studies related to the inhalation, deposition and health effects of PM exposures (US EPA, 1997). Some research has identified several plausible biological mechanisms for both the initial pulmonary injury and the consequent systemic effects (Neas, 1999). The respiratory system is the major route of entry for airborne particulates. The deposition of particulates in different parts of the human respiratory system depends on particle size, shape, density, and individual breathing patterns (mouth or nose breathing) (World Bank Group, 1998). In adults, PM exposure was associated with increased incidence of respiratory symptoms, transient decrements in pulmonary function levels, and the onset of chronic pulmonary disease in adults (Neas, 1999). Seaton (1995), has identified several plausible biological mechanisms for both the initial pulmonary injury and the consequent systemic effects following PM exposure and the initial pulmonary injury may be related to one or more properties of PM and its constituents including physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the path physiology of PM induced health effects. The most obvious mechanism involves the reduction in pulmonary function in response to the pulmonary inflammation. In the hypoxia hypothesis, the susceptible population consists of individuals with severe respiratory disease whose pulmonary reserve capacity is already near the minimum compatible with life. Exposure to PM further lowers their pulmonary function le vels and results in emergency hospitalization and death (Neas, 1999) Children are especially susceptible to particulate matter pollution for several reasons, their respiratory systems are still developing, they breathe more air (and air pollution) per pound of body weight than adults and theyre more likely to be active outdoors. Older adults are also more likely to be affected by particulate matter pollution, possibly because they are more likely to have chronic heart or lung diseases than younger people. In addition, people who have heart or lung disease, such as congestive heart failure, angina, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema or asthma, are likely to experience health effects earlier and at lower particulate matter pollution levels than healthy people (American Lung Association, 1996). The capacity of particulate matter to produce adverse health effects in humans depends on its deposition in the respiratory tract. Particle size, shape, and density affect deposition rates. The most important characteristics influencing the deposition of particles in the respiratory system are size and aerodynamic properties. In Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (MAAQG), the level of PM10 concentrations are, 150 micrograms per cubic meter ( µg/m3) for 24 hour and 50 micrograms per cubic meter ( µg/m3) for the annual (Department of Environment, Malaysia, 2010). Some tiny pieces of particulate matter, PM10, are small enough to pass from our lungs to our bloodstream. PM can alter the bodys defense systems against foreign materials, damage lung tissues, aggravate existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and can lead to cancer. In some cases, PM exposure can even lead to premature death. Adverse health effects have been associated with exposures to PM over both short periods (such as a day) and longer periods (a year or more). The people who are most at risk are people with asthma, influenza, lung, heart, or cardiovascular disease, the elderly, and children. The human immune system developed in a time and environment where dust was made of large particles. Humans have developed a means of protecting themselves against these large particles. Particles larger than 10 microns generally get caught in the nose and throat, never making it as far as the lungs. Unfortunately, more recent human activity has created many particles that are much s maller, which can make it past our natural defenses, and can enter our systems (Fierro, 2000). The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Most concerned about particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter or smaller because those are the particles that generally pass through the throat and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects. EPA groups particle pollution into two categories: Inhalable coarse particles, such as those found near roadways and dusty industries, are larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter. Fine particles, such as those found in smoke and haze, are 2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller. These particles can be directly emitted from sources such as forest fires, or they can form when gases emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles react in the air. (U.S Environmental Protection Agency). 2.6 MEASUREMENT FOR PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10) 2.6.1 Reference Method The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated a handful of instruments as Federal Reference o

Individual and Society: Nuclear Weapons Essay -- Nuclear Weapons Essay

Individual and Society: Nuclear Weapons The background of atomic weapons begins in 1896 with the discovery of radioactivity by Beoquerel. The nuclear age however, really erupted in the 1940’s. since that decade, many individuals have contributed to developing the nuclear arms race. The evolution of nuclear weapons has made a large impact on society by causing a great deal of trauma, dispute and competition. Nuclear weapons developed in the 1940’s. Scientists in the 19th century discovered the splitting of the atom. Many individual scientists contributed to the development of the first atomic bomb. In 1942 President Roosevelt ignited the competition between countries by establishing the "Manhattan Project." At this time, the United States built the first atomic bomb in fear that Germany had already done so. Thousands of people helped construct this deadly device. On August 6, 1945 the Unites States dropped the bomb on Hiroshima, Japan under the authority of President Truman. The mass destruction on that day sparked a whole new lifestyle for the military and left society to live in fear. 118,661 civilians were killed that day, and 30,524 were injured. The entire city was essentially destroyed. Subsequent to World War II, the race between major powers originated. The Soviet Union and Great Britain began producing bombs. By 1950 the government and the military were completely obsessed with the production of bombs and weapons. Truman agreed at this time to increase military spending and planned attacks against the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, outside the military, society hoped and prayed each and everyday that there would be no surprise attacks that day. Children were forced to practice "bomb drills" at school ... ...s only one main device, society was scared. The public relies on individuals working as a collaboration. The distinct segregation that took place during the 40’s, 50’s and 60’s between the government/military and the people does not make for a successful and productive nation. Today, the military does a substantially improved job working together with the public. Works Cited Paczulla, Jutta. Surviving the Nuclear Age: a bibliography of nuclear weapons. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security, 1990. Nuclear Age. Austin, TX: IELS Language School. Database on-line. Available from: http://www.iels.com/nuke.html. Accessed 9 March 1999. Phillips, Alan. Nuclear Weapons. Ottawa, ON: October 1995. Database on-line. Available from: http://www.geocites.com/Area51/vault/5862/Nuclear.html. Accessed 9 March 1999.

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Iris J. O’Halloran Soc 120 Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Brett Cross April 8, 2013 Today there are millions of people in prison throughout the United States; because of this fact the ethical treatment of prisoners is a topic that has been analyzed by many on a constant basis. Many modifications have been made to help accommodate inmates and try and maintain their human rights. Ethics according to Mosser, K (2010), is the study of moral values of human’s behavior. Ethics are also rules and principles that are meant to control the behavior of humans.According to Mosser K, (2010) there are different theories that philosophers have come up with to explain the meaning of ethics. These theories have different approaches on how to handle the issue of ethical treatment of prisoners. When it comes to the question about the ethical treatment of prisoners, researchers have come up with many answers, but have society done enough reg arding the ethical treatment of prisoners or has society made their lives in prison to easy and because of this life in prison is no longer a punishment for inmates?According to an article which was written in the BJpsych by Dr. Luke, Birmingham prisoners encounter numerous maltreatments while in prison. Dr. Birmingham states that one of the major maltreatments prisoners suffer while in prison is the way their mental illness is dealt with while in prison. Mental disorder is more widely among people in prison that it is in the general population. There are prisoners who require being transfer to psychiatric hospitals for treatment, but these prisoners face long delays.According to Birmingham doctors who work in prisons face ethical and legal dilemmas posed by prisoners with mental illness. Another issue that these inmates encounter while in prison is solitary confinement. According to another article written in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, which was written by Doctor Metzner and Fellner Esq, in recent years officials have turned to solitary confinement as a way to manage very dangerous and hard to handle prisoners. Many of these prisoners who are placed in isolation which can be there for years have severe mental illness.The conditions of solitary confinement can make these prisoners more violent or in some instance provoke recurrence. When prisoners are placed in solitary confinement the rules restrict the nature and how much mental health services they can receive. According to Metzner and Fellner another issue is the fact that doctors who work in US prisons face very difficult ethical challenges which rice from poor working conditions, loyalties to patience and employers, and the stress between reasonable medical practice and the prison rules and culture.Doctors are confronting a new challenge in recent years, the prolonged solitary confinement of inmates with severe mental illness; this is a corrections practice that has be come prevalent even knowing the psychological harm it can cause these inmates. Doctor Metzner and Fellner believe that solitary confinement can be psychological stressor, that in many cases can be a clinically stressor and it can be as harmful as physical torture. United States prison officials have raised solitary confinement to a mean of punishment and to control difficult or dangerous prisoners.Tens of thousands of inmates spend years locked up 23 to 24 hours a day in very small cells that have solid steel doors. These prisoners live with high surveillance and they do not have simple social interactions, they only have three to five hours a week of recreation alone in caged enclosures. These prisoners have little if any at all educational, vocational, or other purposeful activities. The prisoners in solitary confinement are handcuffed and often shackled every time they leave their cells.According to Metzner and Fullner confinement can cause psychological damage to any prisoner, t he severity of the impact depends on the individual, also in the duration, and conditions of the confinement. These psychological effects include anxiety, depression, anger, cognitive disturbances, perceptual distortions, obsessive thoughts, paranoia, and psychosis. The unfavorable effects of solitary confinement are important to a person with severe mental illness.Because of the stress and because these prisoners are kept away from social contact and days without structure this can increase symptoms or provoke recurrence. Cases of suicides occur more often in segregation units than anywhere else in prison. Many of these prisoners will not get better as long as they are kept in isolation. Psychologists often cannot make less harsh the harm that is associated with isolation. Services provided in segregation units are limited.Services such as individual therapy, group therapy, structured educational, recreational, life skill enhancing activities and many other therapeutic options are often not available due to insufficient resources and also the rules that require the prisoners to remain in their cells. According to Metzner and Fellner studies have shown that eight to 19 percent of prisoners have psychiatric disorders, this can result in a large functional disabilities. Another 15 to 20 percent do require some form of psychiatric intervention while in prison.Metzner and Fellner state that a survey done on correctional systems showed that 15 percent or more of their prisoners had been diagnosed with a mental illness. Many correctional health care providers struggle with the lack of resources and the large caseloads that can often limit the services they can provide their patients. The ethical way for these health care professionals to handle these situations is to do the best they can under the circumstances instead of resigning, which would result in less services for these prisoners.According to Metzner and Fellner it is ethical for psychologist to treat inmate s who have been abused, and that they should also take measures to end this abuse. These health professionals should not only provide services to mental ill prisoners, but they should also try and change the prison’s system and segregation policies and if that fails these health professionals should go public. Although going public with these prison issues can be difficult to do for these health professionals because of the risk of losing their jobs, they should not do this task alone. Their professional organizations should help them.These organizations should realize that prolonged segregation of prisoners with severe mental illness violates basic tenets of mental health treatment. The standards of the NCCHC recommend that mentally ill inmates be excluded from extreme isolation, the placement of these prisoners into these conditions can clinically deteriorate their condition and it will not improve. These are only a recommendation done by NCCHC. Because very few APA and AMA physicians have experience or have knowledge about correctional mental health care, they are not familiar with the difference between general population housing unit and a segregation nit, therefor the recommendations cannot be made mandatory instead of optional. Metzner and Fellner state that a serious educational effort must be established so that none correctional mental health practitioners have a better understanding of the world in which their correctional co-workers work in, and to better understand the challenges they face, including the isolation of severe mental ill patients for month at a time and sometimes years.According to Metzner and Fellner studies have shown that prisons can operate safely and they can be securely without putting prisoners that have mental illness in segregation. In some prisons mentally ill prisoners are given more time outside their cells, and they are also provided with group therapy and other therapeutic interventions. These improved clinical r esponses to prisoners with mental illness have been achieved with little sacrifice to needed control of prisoners who willfully violate prison rules.Mental health organizations should acknowledge that is unethical to keep silence about the conditions of confinement and the harm that this confinement cause inmates, and violates human rights. These organizations should also make sure that practitioners provide ethical services to segregated prisoners with mental illness, and they should also strive to change harmful segregation policies. The organizations should also make use of their institutional authority to press for nationwide rethinking of the use of isolation.By doing this the medical commitment to ethics and human rights would be well served. According to another article which was written in the National Academy of Science, the conditions of confinement in today’s prisons have the same features that were of concern to the national commission for the protection of human behavioral research about 30 years ago. However new factors have emerged that will require consideration. These factors are the correctional population has grown from 1. million to almost seven million between 1978 and 2004, because of tougher sentencing laws and the war against drugs. According to the article due to the closing of large state mental institutions, prisons have become the new mental illness asylums. Health care in some of these prisons is very poor. Many class actions have been put in place about the inadequate of state prisons health-care system. According to the article a high number of prisoners suffer from infectious deceases, chronic diseases, and mental illness.A three year study that was requested by congress and that was done in May 2002 by the National Commission of correctional health care revealed that thousands of prisoners are being released into communities every year with deceases that were not diagnosed and were not treated while they were in prison. According to the article while in prison white inmates were more likely than black and Hispanic inmates to receive mental health treatment. Without the necessary treatment mentally ill prisoners suffer painfully symptoms and often their condition deteriorates.The article states that prisons were never intended to be mentally ill facilities, yet that is one their primary role today. Often man and woman that cannot afford to get mental illness help in their communities are swept away into criminal justice system after they commit a crime. In the United States there three times more mentally ill people in jail than in mental hospitals, inmates have mental issues that are two to four times higher than members of the general public. The New York Times conducted a yearlong examination of prison health services; this examination revealed that in many instances the medical care was inadequate and lethal.According to the National Academy of Science the New York City department of health and mental hygiene showed that at Rikers Island and at a jail in lower Manhattan the prison health failed to earn a passing grade on 12 of 39 performance standards, these performance standards are set by the city to evaluate the treatment of inmates. The prison health did not meet standards on practices from HIV and diabetes therapy to timely distribution of medication to properly conducting mental health evaluations.An article written in the American Bar Association, standard of treatment of prisoners, (2010) states that in February 2010, the ABA House of Delegates approved a set of ABA criminal justice standards on treatment of prisoners. The new standards supplant prior ABA criminal justice standards. Standard 23-2. 5, Health Care Assessment, this standard states each prisoner should receive a comprehensive medical and mental health assessment and these should be done by a qualified medical and mental health professional and it should be provided no later than 14 days after admission to a correctional facility.This medical treatment should be done periodically thereafter, and it should include mental health screening. Dental examinations should also be done by a dentist or trained personnel directed by a dentist and they should be done within 90 days of admission this if the prisoner’s confinement exceeds one year and it should be done annually thereafter. Standard 23-2. 6 Rationales for Segregated housing, states correctional authorities should only place prisoners in segregation if it relates to discipline, security, and ongoing investigation of misconduct or crime, protection from harm, medical care, or mental health care.This segregation should be for a brief time and under the least restrictive conditions practicable. When necessary due to an investigation, correctional facilities should be permitted to confine an inmate to segregation for a period of no more than 30 days. Standard 23-2. 8, Segregated housing and mental health, this standard states no inmate who is diagnosed with serious mental illness should be placed in long term segregated housing. The implementation of these few standards has improved the treatment of inmates across the country, but there are still many correctional facilities that require more improvements.According to Mosser, K (2010) there are different ways in which the ethical treatment of prisoners can be dealt with. Mosser states that there are different theories that philosophers have come up with to explain ethics. Three main theories are Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Virtue ethics. There are also three different approaches to these ethics theories, Relativism, Emotivism and ethical Egoism. All of them give a different approach and a different solution to the ethical treatment of prisoners.The Utilitarianism is the theory that one should choose to do that which produces a better outcome for the largest number of people. This theory evaluates whether an act is wright of wrong in terms of the acts consequences. Mosser, (2010). Deontology states that are ones duty an obligation to threat other people with respect, human beings have dignity and we must take that dignity into consideration when dealing with them. Deontology can lead to results that contradict common sense and the conception of right and wrong.Another theory is Virtual ethics this theory looks at the character of the person performing the act. There are three different approaches to the theories according to Mosser, K. (2010), these are Relativism, Emotivism, and Ethical Egoism. Relativism according to Mosser is ones beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society, culture, and one’s individual values. Emotivism according to Mosser, it sees our moral evaluations as the expression of whether we respond to a given act by liking it, or not liking it.This approach involves emotional feelings. Ethical egoism, this approach contrast with ethical theories of utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and most religions. Ethical egoism according to Mosser states that our moral evaluations should be made in terms of our desires and goals. After evaluating all of the different theories and approaches to these theories, I would have to agree with the theory of Utilitarianism as being the best approach as how to solve the ethical treatment of prisoners.I would also have to agree with the Deontology theory, because I strongly agree that even though prisoners have committed a crime they should be treated with dignity after all they are still humans. From the three approaches to the main theories, relativism, emotivism, and ethical egoism, I would say relativism would help resolve the problem with a more positive outcome. Because relativism indicates that one’s beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society and culture, the majority of our society believes that if you commit a crime you should pay for it.The theory of Utilitarianism states that the mor al worth of an action should be determined by its usefulness in increasing utility and reducing negative utility. The ethical treatment of prisoners has for the most part improved. Standards have been put in place to aid these issues and help the improvement of the treatment of prisoners. For the most part the whole world has a moral code on how people should behave themselves, and what is wrong and wright. It is a worldwide fact that to commit murder is wrong, it is wrong to steal, and to intentionally hurt another human being physically.The utilitarian theory can be used in jails to help prisoners correct their behavior, and when prisoners do not have a life sentence they can come out into society with a better look on life and not a negative one like when they first went into prison. I know that some crimes can be horrific in nature and once we have looked at those horrific crimes we can become outraged and very angry, but if we can keep an open mind and be humanitarian towards t hose criminals we can find some kind of peace in our hearts. References Jeffrey L. Metzner. M. D and Jamie Fellner Esq.Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in US prisons: A challenge for medical ethics. www. jaapl. org/content/38/1/104. full Mark, Earthrowl, John, O’Grady, and Luke Birmingham. Providing treatment to prisoners with mental disorders: development of a policy. Bjp. rcpsych. org/content/182/4/299. short Standards on Treatment of Prisoners. http://www. americanbar. org/publications Mosser, K. (2010). Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility. San Diego, CA: Bridge point Education, Inc. Banks, C. (2004) Criminal Justice ethics: theory and practice. SAGE

Cómo Corregir Errores en el Formulario de Visa DS-160

Cà ³mo Corregir Errores en el Formulario de Visa DS-160  ¿Por Quà © Es Importante Corregir los Errores? El DS-160 es el formulario  electrà ³nico  que se utiliza para solicitar o renovar las  visas de no inmigrante (turista, estudiante, intercambio, trabajo temporal, etc). Todo lo que ahà ­ se declara debe ser cierto y mentir se considera un fraude de ley; en consecuencia cualquier error de informacià ³n debe ser corregido apenas se caiga en la cuenta del error, antes y/o despuà ©s de haber enviado el formulario. No corregir los errores puede demorar el proceso de la visa hasta que se llene de nuevo un formulario, o simplemente puede generar un rechazo en la aplicacià ³n. Ambos casos son pà ©rdidas de tiempo y dinero. Cà ³mo Corregir los Errores en el Formulario DS-160 Los errores se pueden corregir fcilmente antes de enviar la planilla: Coloque el cursor del ratà ³n (mouse) sobre la respuesta que hay que modificar y oprima la opcià ³n edit para cambiarla. Luego oprima save para actualizar la respuesta. En el caso en el que el formulario ya se haya enviado hay dos opciones: Busque en su disco duro si tiene la versià ³n del formulario que ya ha enviado. Si este es el caso, abra el archivo y busque el enlace al DS-160 en internet. Oprima la opcià ³n de upload a previous application, y clique edit para cambiar la respuesta necesaria. Una vez hecho el cambio oprima save para actualizar. Si no tiene grabada la versià ³n que ya ha enviado debe llenar nuevamente, y con mucho cuidado, el formulario, cerciorndose de que todas las respuestas sean verà ­dicas. Errores Ms Graves en el DS-160   Se consideran errores particularmente graves los que dan informacià ³n falsa o inexacta acerca de: Viajes anteriores a Estados Unidos.Rechazo de una solicitud previa para una visa.Arrestos o condenas tanto en Estados Unidos como en otros paà ­ses.Problemas con una autoridad de los Estados Unidos.Falsedad acerca de familiares en Estados Unidos o familiares de nacionalidad estadounidenses. En este punto hay que prestar especial atencià ³n a los padres de nià ±os nacidos en Estados Unidos (el oficial de visas puede pedir facturas hospitalarias de dà ³nde nacià ³ el bebà © para cerciorarse de que no se hayan generado gastos a Medicaid). Consideraciones Generales Para Solicitar la Visa Antes de pedir la visa considere si usted es inelegible o inadmisible y evite que su solicitud sea rechazada. En el primer caso se considera inelegible a la persona que no ha podido demostrar suficientes recursos econà ³micos o lazos familiares y/o de trabajo en el lugar de residencia fuera de Estados Unidos. En el segundo caso, se considera inadmisible a una persona que ha estado previamente en condicià ³n de ilegal en Estados Unidos. Si usted est en proceso de recibir una green card, no solicite visa de turismo porque lo ms probable es que le sea negada. Consejos Para Conservar la Visa Aprobada Una vez su visa es aprobada aconsejamos: Tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples para repasar la informacià ³n bsica acerca de la visa de turismo.Conocer las 10 causas ms frecuentes por las que las visas se cancelan. Ser prudente con la frecuencia de los ingresos a los Estados Unidos. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo y no pretende ser es asesorà ­a legal.

Cultural and Diversity Management Interview

Cultural and Diversity Management Interview Introduction Cultural and diversity management is paramount to the success of modern organizations. The world comprises many regions and people who have varying linguistic abilities, religious affiliations, and races among other aspects. These factors give rise to diversity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural and Diversity Management Interview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is vital to assess the importance of cultural and diversity management in the accomplishment of both individual and organizational goals. This paper provides insight into cultural and diversity management by analyzing two interviews conducted on individuals from different backgrounds. Methodology The interview applies various steps that provide the basis for collecting data on diversity and cultural variations amongst the individuals. The interview questions are open-ended to enable the interviewee expound the issues rather than providing direct answers. As a result, the interviewer obtained more information about their experiences in their cultural environments. The interviewer moderated the session seeking clarifications where the experience was unclear. Regional Diversity My first respondent was a Japanese citizen who reported having worked in the United States for the last nine years. Interviewer: What have you achieved from the embracement of diversity and multiculturalism in your organization? Interviewee: The world has become a pool of individuals who come from diverse cultural and racial origins. As a result, they have assorted mindsets on various spheres of living. Working with people from different cultural groupings brings promotes the accomplishment of common goals, motivation, and inter-ethnic acceptance. These variations have provided me with skills to distinguish between various tastes of life, opinions, perspectives, and unique experiences. Sharing life experiences has variously inspir ed me on the verge of giving up.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interviewer: As Japanese, how has been your work experience in the United States? Interviewee: I have acquired a plethora of experiences that such as life skills, acceptance of cultural diversity, endurance, and racial prejudice among others. The United States is a multi-cultured continent with the highest number of people who come from the other continents. I have learned to incorporate the ideas of other cultures in individual and workplace decision-making processes. Interviewer: What are the benefits that accrue from this cultural awareness and diversity? Interviewee: The benefits that accrue from the existence of diversity have significantly expanded my perspectives on various workplace dilemmas related to management. Diversity has improved my creativity and innovation capabilities. In an attempt to maintain diversity, individuals use their uniqueness as an identification tool. Diversity and cultural inclusion in the work environment have variously helped me to formulate informed decisions. I have ventured into numerous innovations and discoveries. Earlier this year, the science club in our school was involved in a project to campaign for a particular change in our college. As an active member, I was chosen to spearhead the scientific innovation. The embracement of multiculturalism in institutions also promotes the control and maintenance of morals and appropriate behavior among people. People strive to maintain their culture through moral uprightness and adherence to its provisions. Analysis Variations that exist among different people underpin the understanding and appreciation of diversity. The acknowledgment of the behaviors, attitudes, perceptions, and values of other people greatly influences one’s behavior. For instance, learning the culture of other people hel ps individuals to understand and respect them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural and Diversity Management Interview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diversity brings forth the appreciation of varied values that comprise the cultures of other people for the promotion of a peaceful coexistence. This state of events builds an understanding of the race, age, physical, religious, social, political, ethnic, and sexual differences that exist among diverse individuals. Discussion The embracement of diversity in different geographical, racial, and cultural areas helps an individual to develop an understanding of various organizational dilemmas that have significant effects the formulation of sound management decisions. Romanenko (2012) affirms that students from various parts of the world can perform better as compared to those from the same locality if diversity is embraced in the learning institutions. The perceptio ns of employees and their engagement in the organizational activities are paramount to the accomplishment of diversity initiatives. The interview reveals that organizations should consider the employee involvement as an integral part of their success strategies (Romanenko, 2012). Learning The interview provided insight into the appreciation of diversity and multiculturalism. It is clear that various benefits accrue from the implementation of diversity among institutions that comprise different cultural and racial orientations. The interview also reveals that the failure to embrace cultural and diversity integration in organizations can hinder the accomplishment of various business goals. However, organizational leaders should play a crucial role in ensuring that they appreciate diverse individuals by adopting management strategies that offer equal opportunities, especially in the workplace. In the light of the interview, a greater assimilation and absorption of cultures will bring a bout the integration of diverse talents in the organization. This situation promotes the accomplishment of the organizational goals (Andrevski, Richard, Shaw, Ferrier, 2014). Cultural Variations and Diversity The second interview involved a Black American, who worked in a public organization in the United States. Having been in the public domain for a couple of decades, the respondent explicates various experiences that she has gained from the existence of cultural variations and diversity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interviewer: How do you perceive the management of the world’s diversity populations in the public organization? Interviewee: The world has diverse populations that present unique cultures to the global sphere. The blending of different cultural practices in the public organization eases the interactions between people thereby enhancing peaceful coexistence. The appreciation of the various provisions of these cultures in the organization significantly helped in resolving various social mayhems hindered the achievement of targets. Interviewer: How can cultural diversity promote global integration? Interviewee: Cultural variations provide an opportunity for experiencing a different taste of life. The appreciation of cultural diversity provides a basis for developing a common ground for understanding the uniqueness of the world’s communities. This set of circumstances underpins the integration of global communities. Besides, it brings about cultural assimilation and absor ption, which provides a framework for the development of modern social institutions. Interviewer: For that reason, do you think the individual cultures are becoming less vital to us? Interviewee: With the rising cultural assimilation, people have adopted other cultures. The copying of practices has been associated with the lack of appreciation of individual cultures. Other individuals perceive that some cultures are superior as compared to theirs. Nevertheless, people should learn to appreciate and preserve their cultures to avoid losing their uniqueness. Analysis The cultural diversity and distinctness we experienced in the past may be on the verge of extinction because of assimilation. However, the diversity brings together the experiences and perceptions of different people from various parts of the world (Bartikowski Walsh, 2015). Diversity surpasses the moral imperatives that are held in most organizations. Indeed, Tierney (2007) affirms that it has become a global necessity t hat binds diverse civil societies. Discussion With cultural and diversity in the world, greater achievements are achieved. For instance, the people benefit from the shared experiences that arise from global integration (Tierney, 2007). People have diverse beliefs about the existence of different cultures across the world. The uniqueness associated with these variations helps individuals view situations with different perspectives. According to Andrevski et al. (2014), multiculturalism provides the best environment for individual, team, and organizational growth. For instance, cultural diversity promotes the applicability of different approaches to various issues since it underpins the development of robust problem-solving techniques (Kottak, 2011). Both leaders and employees should play a critical role in the promotion of diversity values. Andrevski et al. (2014) suggests that diversity values should be aligned with the organizational strategies. The interview shows that the benefit s reaped from diversity and cultural embracement are important for employee motivation. Learning There is a need to preserve cultural diversity in the modern world since it is paramount to the provision of a wide range of talents to organizations. With consultations brought about by this diversity, it is possible to make decisions on various organizational dilemmas that hinder development. Sharing and exchanging ideas also promotes innovation and creativity. The respondent feels that cultural assimilation is minimizing diversity values that exist amongst different cultures across the globe. Although this statement is true, diversity entails not only the cultural values of a particular community but also other aspects such as experience, skills, social values, and innovative abilities among others. Reference List Andrevski, G., Richard, O., Shaw, J., Ferrier, W. (2014). Racial Diversity and Firm Performance the Mediating Role of Competitive Intensity. Journal of Management, 40(3), 8 20-844. Bartikowski, B., Walsh, G. (2015). Attitude toward cultural diversity: A test of identity Related antecedents and purchasing consequences. Journal of Business Research, 68(3), 526-533. Kottak, C. (2011). Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating CulturalDiversity. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Romanenko, A. (2012). Cultural Diversity Management in Organizations: The Role of Psychological Variables in Diversity Initiatives. Retrieved from http://othes.univie.ac.at/15821/1/2011-08-17_0647059.pdf Tierney, S. (2007). Accommodating cultural diversity. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.

America as an Imperialist Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

America as an Imperialist Power - Essay Example Imperialism is the policy or practice in which one country starts to enforce an indirect control over other weaker nation. The reason behind a weak nation being controlled by imperialists is because they have unbalanced economy, governance, and infrastructure. Imperialism comes into practice, when a stronger nation for the sake of economics and other political benefits take over the indirect control, which involves the use of power beyond its border on weaker nation. The cause of imperialism includes the unwillingness of the victim nations to control which is due to weak economics, foreign political structure and a threatening repute of strong holding states. The world still is suffering the consequences of imperialism, which took place in the last decades of the nineteenth century. It can be noticed that imperialism is applied by countries such as US or Germany, which has helped these countries to become significant influence in the global political and social setup. To understand the entire study of empire system, it is important to first comprehend the word â€Å"empire†. The term empire comes from a Latin origination. Empire means power or authority, a control that associates to a kingdom, a state or an emperorship. Empire system basically intends to control over the sovereignty of other state by forceful means. An imperial system of government aims to acquire and get hold on colonies and lands of weak individual states due its ethnic, national, cultural, and religious diversification. Historically, an empire system emerges due to strong political – military dominance of population over the weak cultural and ethnic group. The system resembles a structure where power inflates and weak gets into biased retribution. This is to serve the agenda of emperorship and submerge a powerful geopolitical influence on other victimized nations. In contrast the empire system resembles the ancient roman emperorship, where cruelty, ruthlessness an d brutality floated throughout the global political system (Howe). The study of empire helps in understanding, the developments and changes that took place around the world. It was just a swirling revolution where empire system dominated and passed on to the world politics. Scholars have firm believe that even today the ongoing changes and developments around the world are due to the presence of an empire system. Through researchers’ analysis it can be evidenced that empire rules have existed in the history and still are prevailing. The imperial system has been continually evolving with developments and instances that took place in historical eras. Thus, the definition of empire cannot be evaluated by one factor since it has numerous reasons to cope up with. As Stephen Howe’s states that the world has a complex history and intertwined equally with contested words such as colonialism, globalization, and imperialism (Howe). History of empires is to a great deal of worldà ¢â‚¬â„¢s history. In fact it is being noted by researchers, that almost the entire history is associated with imperialism or colonialism. The significant study of empire is essential as it covers up all aspects related to countries originations and their contemporary situations. As some scholars consider that the world is becoming more and more flat due to cultural import and globalization by means of people, technology, and commerce. Moreover, study of empire explains the modern and historical migration, found in the world today such as cultural import, trade, religion practices, they all trace back to historical empires (Howe). Imperialism Context of Empire: Imperialism has been the most influential power during the last four to five centuries in the world history. In

Web Server Hacking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Web Server Hacking - Research Paper Example To add to the attraction and profitability of these hacking attacks is the proliferation of insecure web applications (Zachary, 2006). These attacks on computer systems with negative intent are not new. They go as far back as the eighties when hackers used their skills to break into computer systems and perform their illegal activities. The advent of web based applications, though, has led to the increase of sophistication in hacking attacks. The skill required to perform these attacks, on the other hand has lessened proportionately. In order to understand the need for security in one’s computer system, he or she should realize the risks involved. Most operating systems have a default configuration that is not designed with security as the chief focus. The default setup, instead, focus on functionality, communications and usability. There is therefore a need to understand the server vulnerabilities in a system in order to perform particular functions to improve security (Leyde n, 2002). It is hence clear that web server hacking is an important topic that should be evaluated in detail and understood by users of computer systems. When one tries to break into or use a computer system wrongly, he or she is considered an intruder. ‘Using wrongly’ is not a restricted term and can be used to represent an act of stealing confidential information or a minor offense of just misusing one’s email for spam (Zachary, 2006). Presently, more people both through the internet and corporate intranets are continuously attempting to test the various systems’ security. The motive differs in every instance but revenge and stealing for profit are some of the motives driving intruders. ‘Hacker’ and ‘attacker’ are the two terms that are used in describing a person who tries to get into networks and systems. An individual that likes to get into their computer system